Genetic association of solute carrier transporter gene variants with metformin response

1Ogurtsova K, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Huang Y, Linnenkamp U, Guariguata L, Cho NH, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017; 128: 40-50.Ogurtsova K da Rocha Fernandes JD Huang Y Linnenkamp U Guariguata L Cho NH et al IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040 Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017 128 40 5010.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.02428437734Search in Google Scholar

2International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 8th ed., 2017. Brussels, Belgium. (Available at: diabetesatlas.org [accessed: July 15 2018].International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 8th ed 2017 Brussels, Belgium Available at https://diabetesatlas.org [accessed: July 15 2018]Search in Google Scholar

3Hoogwerf BJ, Sferra J, Donley BG. Diabetes mellitus-overview. Foot Ankle Clin. 2006; 11(4): 703-715.Hoogwerf BJ Sferra J Donley BG Diabetes mellitus-overview Foot Ankle Clin 2006 11 4 703 71510.1016/j.fcl.2006.06.01417097511Search in Google Scholar

4Chawla A, Chawla R, Jaggi S. Microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: Distinct or continuum? Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016; 20(4): 546-551.Chawla A Chawla R Jaggi S Microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: Distinct or continuum? Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016 20 4 546 55110.4103/2230-8210.183480491184727366724Search in Google Scholar

5Islam T, Rahman MS, Paul N, Akhteruzzaman S, Sajib AA. Allele-specific detection of SLC22A2 rs316019 variants associated with metformin disposition through the kidney. Int J Diabetes and Metab. 2018; 24: 22-28.Islam T Rahman MS Paul N Akhteruzzaman S Sajib AA Allele-specific detection of SLC22A2 rs316019 variants associated with metformin disposition through the kidney Int J Diabetes and Metab 2018 24 22 2810.1159/000493584Search in Google Scholar

6American Diabetes Association (ADA). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37(Suppl 1): S81-S90.American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus Diabetes Care 2014 37 Suppl 1 S81 S9010.2337/dc14-S08124357215Search in Google Scholar

7World Health Organization. WHO model list of essential medicines (20th list) [accessed: October 5 2018].World Health Organization WHO model list of essential medicines (20th list) [accessed: October 5 2018]Search in Google Scholar

8Inzucchi SE, Lipska KJ, Mayo H, Bailey CJ, McGuire DK. Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease: A systematic review. JAMA. 2014; 312(24):2668-2675.Inzucchi SE Lipska KJ Mayo H Bailey CJ McGuire DK Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease: A systematic review JAMA 2014 312 24 2668 267510.1001/jama.2014.15298442705325536258Search in Google Scholar

9Singh S, Usman K, Banerjee M. Pharmacogenetic studies update in type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2016; 7(15): 302-315.Singh S Usman K Banerjee M Pharmacogenetic studies update in type 2 diabetes mellitus World J Diabetes 2016 7 15 302 31510.4239/wjd.v7.i15.302498063727555891Search in Google Scholar

10Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: A patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2012; 55(6): 1577-1596.Inzucchi SE Bergenstal RM Buse JB Diamant M Ferrannini E Nauck M et al Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: A patient-centered approach Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia 2012 55 6 1577 159610.1007/s00125-012-2534-022526604Search in Google Scholar

11Topić E. The role of pharmacogenetics in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. J Med Biochem. 2014; 33(1): 58-70.Topić E The role of pharmacogenetics in the treatment of diabetes mellitus J Med Biochem 2014 33 1 58 7010.2478/jomb-2013-0045Search in Google Scholar

12Mannino GC, Sesti G. Individualized therapy for type 2 diabetes: Clinical implications of pharmacogenetic data. Mol Diagn Ther. 2012; 16(5): 285-302.Mannino GC Sesti G Individualized therapy for type 2 diabetes: Clinical implications of pharmacogenetic data Mol Diagn Ther 2012 16 5 285 30210.1007/s40291-012-0002-723018631Search in Google Scholar

13Hermann LS, Scherstén B, Bitzén PO, Kjellström T, Lindgärde, F, Melander A. Therapeutic comparison of metformin and sulfonylurea, alone and in various combinations: A double-blind controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1994; 17(10): 1100-1109.Hermann LS Scherstén B Bitzén PO Kjellström T Lindgärde F Melander A Therapeutic comparison of metformin and sulfonylurea, alone and in various combinations: A double-blind controlled study Diabetes Care 1994 17 10 1100 110910.2337/diacare.17.10.11007821128Search in Google Scholar

14Cook MN, Girman CJ, Stein PP, Alexander CM. Initial monotherapy with either metformin or sulphonylureas often fails to achieve or maintain current glycaemic goals in patients with type 2 diabetes in UK primary care. Diabet Med. 2007; 24(4): 350-358.Cook MN Girman CJ Stein PP Alexander CM Initial monotherapy with either metformin or sulphonylureas often fails to achieve or maintain current glycaemic goals in patients with type 2 diabetes in UK primary care Diabet Med 2007 24 4 350 35810.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02078.x17335466Search in Google Scholar

15Chen L, Pei JH, Kuang J, Chen HM, Chen Z, Li ZW, et al. Effect of lifestyle intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Metabolism. 2015; 64(2): 338-347.Chen L Pei JH Kuang J Chen HM Chen Z Li ZW et al Effect of lifestyle intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis Metabolism 2015 64 2 338 34710.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.01825467842Search in Google Scholar

16Zia A, Kiani AK, Bhatti A, John P. Genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and implications for therapy. J Diabetes Metab. 2013; 4(3): 248.Zia A Kiani AK Bhatti A John P Genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and implications for therapy J Diabetes Metab 2013 4 3 24810.4172/2155-6156.1000248Search in Google Scholar

17Tzvetkov MV, Vormfelde SV, Balen D, Meineke I, Schmidt T, Sehrt D, et al. The effects of genetic polymorphisms in the organic cation transporters OCT1, OCT2, and OCT3 on the renal clearance of metformin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009; 86(3): 299-306.Tzvetkov MV Vormfelde SV Balen D Meineke I Schmidt T Sehrt D et al The effects of genetic polymorphisms in the organic cation transporters OCT1, OCT2, and OCT3 on the renal clearance of metformin Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009 86 3 299 30610.1038/clpt.2009.9219536068Search in Google Scholar

18Becker ML, Visser LE, Van Schaik RHN, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Stricker BHC. Genetic variation in the multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 transporter protein influences the glucose-lowering effect of metformin in patients with diabetes: A preliminary study. Diabetes. 2009; 58(3): 745-749.Becker ML Visser LE Van Schaik RHN Hofman A Uitterlinden AG Stricker BHC Genetic variation in the multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 transporter protein influences the glucose-lowering effect of metformin in patients with diabetes: A preliminary study Diabetes 2009 58 3 745 74910.2337/db08-1028264607519228809Search in Google Scholar

19Chen L, Takizawa M, Chen E, Schlessinger A, Segenthelar J, Choi JH, et al. Genetic polymorphisms in organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) in Chinese and Japanese populations exhibit altered function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010; 335(1): 42-50.Chen L Takizawa M Chen E Schlessinger A Segenthelar J Choi JH et al Genetic polymorphisms in organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) in Chinese and Japanese populations exhibit altered function J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010 335 1 42 5010.1124/jpet.110.170159295778820639304Search in Google Scholar

20Sanchez-Ibarra HE, Reyes-Cortes LM, Jiang XL, Luna-Aguirre CM, Aguirre-Trevino D, Morales-Alvarado IA, et al. Genotypic and phenotypic factors influencing drug response in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 320.Sanchez-Ibarra HE Reyes-Cortes LM Jiang XL Luna-Aguirre CM Aguirre-Trevino D Morales-Alvarado IA et al Genotypic and phenotypic factors influencing drug response in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Front Pharmacol 2018 9 32010.3389/fphar.2018.00320589837229681852Search in Google Scholar

21Christensen MMH, Pedersen RS, Stage TB, Brasch-Andersen C, Nielsen F, Damkier P, et al. A gene-gene interaction between polymorphisms in the OCT2 and MATE1 genes influences the renal clearance of metformin. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2013; 23(10): 526-534.Christensen MMH Pedersen RS Stage TB Brasch-Andersen C Nielsen F Damkier P et al A gene-gene interaction between polymorphisms in the OCT2 and MATE1 genes influences the renal clearance of metformin Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013 23 10 526 53410.1097/FPC.0b013e328364a57d23873119Search in Google Scholar

22Shokri F, Ghaedi H, Fard SG, Movafagh A, Abediankenari S, Mahrooz A, et al. Impact of ATM and SLC22A1 polymorphisms on therapeutic response to met-formin in Iranian diabetic patients. Int J Mol Cell Med. 2016; 5(1): 1-7.Shokri F Ghaedi H Fard SG Movafagh A Abediankenari S Mahrooz A et al Impact of ATM and SLC22A1 polymorphisms on therapeutic response to met-formin in Iranian diabetic patients Int J Mol Cell Med 2016 5 1 1 7Search in Google Scholar

23Iskakova AN, Romanova AA, Aitkulova AM, Sikhayeva NS, Zholdybayeva EV, Ramanculov EM. Poly-morphisms in genes involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the Kazakhs of Kazakhstan. BMC Genet. 2016; 17: 23.Iskakova AN Romanova AA Aitkulova AM Sikhayeva NS Zholdybayeva EV Ramanculov EM Poly-morphisms in genes involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the Kazakhs of Kazakhstan BMC Genet 2016 17 2310.1186/s12863-016-0329-x471752826785747Search in Google Scholar

24Xhakaza L, Abrahams-October Z, Pearce B, Masilela CM, Adeniyi OV, Johnson R, et al. Evaluation of the suitability of 19 pharmacogenomics biomarkers for individualized metformin therapy for type 2 diabetes patients. Drug Metabol Pers Ther. 2020; 35(2): j/ dmdi. 2020.35.issue-2/dmpt-2020-0111/dmpt-2020-0111.xml. doi: 10.1515/dmpt-2020-0111.Xhakaza L Abrahams-October Z Pearce B Masilela CM Adeniyi OV Johnson R et al Evaluation of the suitability of 19 pharmacogenomics biomarkers for individualized metformin therapy for type 2 diabetes patients Drug Metabol Pers Ther 2020 35 2 j/ dmdi. 2020.35.issue-2/dmpt-2020-0111/dmpt-2020-0111.xml 10.1515/dmpt-2020-011132681778Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

25Lucassen A, Ehlers K, Grobler P, Shezi AL. Allele frequency data of 14 autosomal STR loci in four major population groups of South Africa. Int J Legal Med. 2018; 128(2): 275-276.Lucassen A Ehlers K Grobler P Shezi AL Allele frequency data of 14 autosomal STR loci in four major population groups of South Africa Int J Legal Med 2018 128 2 275 27610.1007/s00414-013-0898-423892950Search in Google Scholar

26Lane AB, Soodyall H, Arndt S, Ratshikhopha ME, Jonker E, Freeman C, et al. Genetic substructure in South African Bantu-speakers: Evidence from auto-somal DNA and Y-chromosome studies. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2002; 119(2): 175-185.Lane AB Soodyall H Arndt S Ratshikhopha ME Jonker E Freeman C et al Genetic substructure in South African Bantu-speakers: Evidence from auto-somal DNA and Y-chromosome studies Am J Phys Anthropol 2002 119 2 175 18510.1002/ajpa.1009712237937Search in Google Scholar

27Xiao D, Zhang S, Li X, Yin J, Gong W, Zheng Y, et al. IL-1B rs1143623 and EEF1A1P11-RPL7P9 rs10783050 polymorphisms affect the glucose-lowing efficacy of metformin in Chinese overweight or obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Pharmacogenomics. 2015; 16(14): 1621-1629.Xiao D Zhang S Li X Yin J Gong W Zheng Y et al IL-1B rs1143623 and EEF1A1P11-RPL7P9 rs10783050 polymorphisms affect the glucose-lowing efficacy of metformin in Chinese overweight or obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients Pharmacogenomics 2015 16 14 1621 162910.2217/pgs.15.9526401715Search in Google Scholar

28Omori S, Tanaka Y, Takahashi A, Hirose H, Kashiwagi A, Kaku K, et al. Association of CDKAL1, IGF2BP2, CDKN2A/B, HHEX, SLC30A8, and KCNJ11 with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in a Japanese population. Diabetes. 2008; 57(3): 791-795.Omori S Tanaka Y Takahashi A Hirose H Kashiwagi A Kaku K et al Association of CDKAL1, IGF2BP2, CDKN2A/B, HHEX, SLC30A8, and KCNJ11 with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in a Japanese population Diabetes 2008 57 3 791 79510.2337/db07-097918162508Search in Google Scholar

29Kashki Z, Masoumi P, Mahrooz A, Hashemi-Soteh MB, Bahar A, Alizadeh A. The variant organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2)-T201M contribute to changes in insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015; 108(1): 78-83.Kashki Z Masoumi P Mahrooz A Hashemi-Soteh MB Bahar A Alizadeh A The variant organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2)-T201M contribute to changes in insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015 108 1 78 8310.1016/j.diabres.2015.01.02425662675Search in Google Scholar

30Clinical guidelines (CDE). Available at: http://www.cdediabetes.co.za [accessed: October 30 2018].Clinical guidelines (CDE) Available at http://www.cdediabetes.co.za [accessed: October 30 2018Search in Google Scholar

31Pharmacogenomic knowledge base (PharmGKB). Available at: http://www.pharmgkb.org [accessed: July 5 2018].Pharmacogenomic knowledge base (PharmGKB) Available at http://www.pharmgkb.org accessed: July 5 2018Search in Google Scholar

32Leat N, Benjeddou M, Davison S. Nine-locus Y-chromosome STR profiling of Caucasian and Xhosa populations from Cape Town, South Africa. Forensic Sci Int. 2004; 144(1): 73-75.Leat N Benjeddou M Davison S Nine-locus Y-chromosome STR profiling of Caucasian and Xhosa populations from Cape Town, South Africa Forensic Sci Int 2004 144 1 73 7510.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.02215240024Search in Google Scholar

33Li T, Xu X, Xu Y, Jin P, Chen J, Shi Y, et al. PPARG Polymorphisms are associated with unexplained mild vision loss in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Opthalmol. 2019; 2019: 5284867. doi: 10.1155/2019/ 5284867. eCollection 2019.Li T Xu X Xu Y Jin P Chen J Shi Y et al PPARG Polymorphisms are associated with unexplained mild vision loss in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus J Opthalmol 2019 2019 5284867 10.1155/2019/ 5284867. eCollection 2019Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

34Jiao X, Yang S, Yang Y, Li J, Sun H, Zhang M, et al. Targeted sequencing analysis of PPARG identifies a risk variant associated with obstructive sleep apnea in Chinese Han subjects. Sleep Breath. 2020; 24(1): 167-174.Jiao X Yang S Yang Y Li J Sun H Zhang M et al Targeted sequencing analysis of PPARG identifies a risk variant associated with obstructive sleep apnea in Chinese Han subjects Sleep Breath 2020 24 1 167 17410.1007/s11325-019-01855-x712798931044373Search in Google Scholar

35Bhushan B, Guleriab R, Misrac A, Luthrad K, Kumare G. Association of PPARγ2 (Pro12Ala) and neuropeptide Y (Leu7Pro) gene polymorphisms with obstructive sleep apnea in obese Asian Indians. Dis Markers. 2011; 30(1): 31-38.Bhushan B Guleriab R Misrac A Luthrad K Kumare G Association of PPARγ2 (Pro12Ala) and neuropeptide Y (Leu7Pro) gene polymorphisms with obstructive sleep apnea in obese Asian Indians Dis Markers 2011 30 1 31 3810.1155/2011/410397Search in Google Scholar

36Zhou J-X, Li H-C, Bai X-J, Chang B-C, Li C-J, Sun P, et al. Functional Val66Met polymorphism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in type 2 diabetes with depression in Han Chinese subjects. Behav Brain Funct. 2013; 9: 34.Zhou J-X Li H-C Bai X-J Chang B-C Li C-J Sun P et al Functional Val66Met polymorphism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in type 2 diabetes with depression in Han Chinese subjects Behav Brain Funct 2013 9 3410.1186/1744-9081-9-34376587023968401Search in Google Scholar

37Wu L, Xi B, Zhang M, Shen Y, Zhao X, Cheng H, et al. Associations of six single nucleotide polymorphisms in obesity related genes with BMI and risk of obesity in Chinese children. Diabetes. 2010; 59(12): 3085-3089.Wu L Xi B Zhang M Shen Y Zhao X Cheng H et al Associations of six single nucleotide polymorphisms in obesity related genes with BMI and risk of obesity in Chinese children Diabetes 2010 59 12 3085 308910.2337/db10-0273299276920843981Search in Google Scholar

38Hong K, Lim J, Go M, Cho Y, Ahn Y, Han B, et al. Recapitulation of the association of Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF gene with BMI in Koreans. Obesity. 2012; 20(9): 1871-1875.Hong K Lim J Go M Cho Y Ahn Y Han B et al Recapitulation of the association of Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF gene with BMI in Koreans Obesity 2012 20 9 1871 187510.1038/oby.2011.35222173577Search in Google Scholar

39Shugart Y, Chen L, Day I, Lewis S, Timpson S, Yuan W, et al. Two British women studies replicated the association between the Val66Met polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and BMI. Eur J Hum Genet. 2009; 17(8): 1050-1055.Shugart Y Chen L Day I Lewis S Timpson S Yuan W et al Two British women studies replicated the association between the Val66Met polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and BMI Eur J Hum Genet 2009 17 8 1050 105510.1038/ejhg.2008.272298656019209189Search in Google Scholar

40Chen Y, Li S, Brown C, Cheatham S, Castro RA, Leabman MK, et al. Effect of genetic variation in the organic cation transporter 2 on the renal elimination of metformin. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009; 19(7): 497-504.Chen Y Li S Brown C Cheatham S Castro RA Leabman MK et al Effect of genetic variation in the organic cation transporter 2 on the renal elimination of metformin Pharmacogenet Genomics 2009 19 7 497 50410.1097/FPC.0b013e32832cc7e9310449619483665Search in Google Scholar

41Goswami S, Yee SW, Xu F, Sridhar SB, Mosley JD, Takahashi A, et al. A longitudinal HbA1c model elucidates genes linked to disease progression on met-formin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016; 100(5): 537-547.Goswami S Yee SW Xu F Sridhar SB Mosley JD Takahashi A et al A longitudinal HbA1c model elucidates genes linked to disease progression on met-formin Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016 100 5 537 54710.1002/cpt.428553424127415606Search in Google Scholar

42Wang ZJ, Yin OQP, Tomlinson B, Chow MSS. OCT2 Polymorphisms and in-vivo renal functional consequence: Studies with metformin and cimetidine. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2008; 18(7): 637-645.Wang ZJ Yin OQP Tomlinson B Chow MSS OCT2 Polymorphisms and in-vivo renal functional consequence: Studies with metformin and cimetidine Pharmacogenet Genomics 2008 18 7 637 64510.1097/FPC.0b013e328302cd4118551044Search in Google Scholar

43Sajib AA, Islam T, Paul N, Yeasmin S. Interaction of rs316019 variants of SLC22A2 with metformin and other drugs-an in silico analysis. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2018; 16(2): 769-775.Sajib AA Islam T Paul N Yeasmin S Interaction of rs316019 variants of SLC22A2 with metformin and other drugs-an in silico analysis J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018 16 2 769 77510.1016/j.jgeb.2018.01.003635365430733798Search in Google Scholar

44Song IS, Shin HJ, Shim EJ, Jung IS, Kim WY, Shon JH, et al. Genetic variants of the organic cation transporter 2 influence the disposition of metformin. Clin Phar-macol Ther. 2008; 84(5):559-562.Song IS Shin HJ Shim EJ Jung IS Kim WY Shon JH et al Genetic variants of the organic cation transporter 2 influence the disposition of metformin Clin Phar-macol Ther 2008 84 5 559 56210.1038/clpt.2008.6118401339Search in Google Scholar

45Zolk O, Solbach TF, König J, Fromm MF. Functional characterization of the human organic cation transporter 2 variant p.270Ala>Ser. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009; 37(6): 1312-1318.Zolk O Solbach TF König J, Fromm MF Functional characterization of the human organic cation transporter 2 variant p.270Ala>Ser Drug Metab Dispos 2009 37 6 1312 131810.1124/dmd.108.02376219251820Search in Google Scholar

46Tkac I, Javorsky M, Klimcakova L, Zidzik J, Gala I, Babjakova E, et al. A pharmacogenetic association between a variation in calpain 10 (CAPN10) gene and the response to metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015; 71(1): 59-63.Tkac I Javorsky M Klimcakova L Zidzik J Gala I Babjakova E et al A pharmacogenetic association between a variation in calpain 10 (CAPN10) gene and the response to metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2015 71 1 59 6310.1007/s00228-014-1774-y25327507Search in Google Scholar

47Chung J-Y, Cho SK, Kim TH, Kim KH, Jang GH, Kim CO, et al. Functional characterization of MATE2-K genetic variants and their effcts on met-formin pharmacokinetics. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2013; 23(7): 365-373.Chung J-Y Cho SK Kim TH Kim KH Jang GH Kim CO et al Functional characterization of MATE2-K genetic variants and their effcts on met-formin pharmacokinetics Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013 23 7 365 37310.1097/FPC.0b013e328362203723652408Search in Google Scholar

48Speidel JT, Xu M, Abdel-Rahman SZ. Promoter haplotypes of the ABCB1 gene encoding the p-glycoprotein differentially affect its promoter cctivity by altering transcription factor binding. DNA Cell Biol. 2018; 37(12): 973-981.Speidel JT Xu M Abdel-Rahman SZ Promoter haplotypes of the ABCB1 gene encoding the p-glycoprotein differentially affect its promoter cctivity by altering transcription factor binding DNA Cell Biol 2018 37 12 973 98110.1089/dna.2018.4376630281530277801Search in Google Scholar