[
AI HLEG (2019), A Definition of AI: Main Capabilities and Disciplines, Independent High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence, European Commission. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=56341 [accessed 22 Aug 2023]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Broecke, S. (2023), ‘Artificial Intelligence and Labour Market Matching,’ OECD Economics Department Working Papers, no. 284, Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/2b440821-en
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Causa, O.; Abendschein, M.; Luu, N.; Soldani, E. & Soriolo, C. (2022), ‘The Post-COVID-19 Rise in Labour Shortages,’ OECD Economics Department Working Papers, no. 1721, Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/e60c2d1c-en
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cedefop (2019), Empowering Adults Through Upskilling and Reskilling Pathways. Volume 1: Adult Population with Potential for Upskilling and Reskilling, Luxembourg: Publications Office, Cedefop Reference Series. http://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2801/691134
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Chochia, A.; Kerikmäe, T. & Skvarciany, V. (2023), ‘Global Economic Challenges for Sustainable Entrepreneurs,’ TalTech Journal of European Studies, vol. 13, no. 1(37), pp. 3–37. https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2023-0001
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Danneels, L. & Viaene, S. (2015), ‘How to Move Towards Digital Era Governance: The Case of VDAB,’ in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 27–30 May 2015, pp. 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1145/2757401.2757404
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Decision (EU) 2022/2481 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 establishing the Digital Decade Policy Programme 2030 (Text with EEA relevance), PE/50/2022/REV/1, OJ L 323, 19.12.2022, pp. 4–26.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Desiere, S. A. & Struyven, L. (2021), ‘Using Artificial Intelligence to Classify Jobseekers: The Accuracy-Equity Trade-Off,’ Journal of Social Policy, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 367–385. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279420000203
]Search in Google Scholar
[
E-Estonia (2021), ‘AI to Help Serve the Estonian Unemployed.’ Retrieved from https://e-estonia.com/ai-to-help-serve-the-estonian-unemployed [accessed 17 Jul 2023]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
EUIF (2022a), Eesti Töötukassa Arengukava 2023–2026, Development Plan of Estonian Unemployment Insurance Fund 2023–2026. Retrieved from https://www.tootukassa.ee/en/footer/about-tootukassa [accessed 22 Aug 2023]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
EUIF (2022b), Majandusaasta Aruanne 2022 [Fiscal Year Report 2022], Estonian Unemployment Insurance Fund. Retrieved from https://www.tootukassa.ee/en/footer/official-information/financial-information [accessed 17 Jul 2023]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
European Commission (2020), ‘Questions and Answers: European Skills Agenda for Sustainable Competitiveness, Social Fairness and Resilience,’ Brussels, 1.7.2020. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/qanda_20_1197/QANDA_20_1197_EN.pdf [accessed 17 Jul 2023]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
European Commission (2022a), ‘Commission Welcomes Member States’ Targets for a More Social Europe by 2030,’ Press Release, June 17. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/economy-works-people/jobs-growth-and-investment/european-pillar-social-rights/european-pillar-social-rights-action-plan_en [accessed 31 Aug 2024]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
European Commission (2022b), eGovernment Benchmark 2022. Retrieved from https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/egovernment-benchmark-2022 [accessed 22 Aug 2023]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Fatima, S.; Desouza, K. C. & Dawson, G. S. (2020), ‘National Strategic Artificial Intelligence Plans: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis,’ Economic Analysis and Policy, vol. 67, pp. 178–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EAP.2020.07.008
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Flügge, A. A. (2021), ‘Perspectives from Practice: Algorithmic Decision-Making in Public Employment Services,’ in CSCW ’21 Companion: Companion Publication of the 2021 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, pp. 253–255. https://doi.org/10.1145/3462204.3481787
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Government of Estonia (2019), Estonia’s National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2019–2021, Government CIO Office, Estonia. Retrieved from https://f98cc689-5814-47ec-86b3-db505a7c3978.filesusr.com/ugd/7df26f_27a618cb80a648c38be427194affa2f3.pdf [accessed 17 Jul 2023]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
ILO (2017), Skill Needs Anticipation: Systems and Approaches. Analysis of Stakeholder Survey on Skill Needs Assessment and Anticipation, Geneva: International Labour Organization.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kesa, A. & Kerikmäe, T. (2020), ‘Artificial Intelligence and the GDPR: Inevitable Nemeses?’ TalTech Journal of European Studies, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 67–90. https://doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2020-0022
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Körtner, J. & Bonoli, G. (2021), ‘Predictive Algorithms in the Delivery of Public Employment Services,’ SocArXiv Papers, December 16. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/j7r8y
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Labor Market Services and Benefits Act, Tööturuteenuste ja -toetuste seadus, Estonian Parliament, 28.9.2005. Retrieved from https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/506062014001/consolide/current [accessed 22 Aug 2023]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Leinberg, J. (2016), The Improvement of a Self-Service Process of Employment Mediation in Estonian Unemployment Insurance Fund [MA Thesis], Tallinn University of Technology.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Linköping Science Park (n.d.), ‘Switch to Sweden.’ Retrieved from https://linkopingsciencepark.se/switch-to-sweden/ [accessed 22 Aug 2023]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mergel, I.; Edelmann, N. & Haug, N. (2019), ‘Defining Digital Transformation: Results from Expert Interviews,’ Government Information Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 4, art. 101385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.06.002
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mikalef, P.; Fjørtoft, S. O. & Torvatn, H. Y. (2019), ‘Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector: A Study of Challenges and Opportunities for Norwegian Municipalities,’ in I. O. Pappas et al. (eds.) Digital Transformation for a Sustainable Society in the 21st Century. I3E 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11701, Cham: Springer, pp. 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29374-1_22
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ministries of Economic Affairs and Communications, Justice, and Education and Research & Government Office (2024), Andmete ja tehisintellekti valge raamat 2024–2030 [Data and Artificial Intelligence White Paper 2024–2030]. Retrieved from https://mkm.ee/sites/default/files/documents/2024-02/Tehisintellekti%20ja%20andmete%20valge%20raamat%202024-2030.pdf [accessed 31 Aug 2024]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications (2019), Eesti riiklik tehisintellekti alane tegevuskava 2019–2021 [Action Plan for the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Estonia 2019–2021]. Retrieved from https://www.kratid.ee/_files/ugd/980182_d2057e15adb24de4924fc2c6f78a7649.pdf [accessed 31 Aug 2024]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications (2021), Eesti riiklik tehisintellekti alane tegevuskava ehk kratikava 2022–2023 [Kratikava: Action Plan for the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Estonia 2022–2023]. Retrieved from https://www.kratid.ee/_files/ugd/980182_1f685990ca2e462f84c987408a816503.pdf [accessed 31 Aug 2024]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications (2024), Tehisintellekti tegevuskava 2024–2026 [Action Plan for Artificial Intelligence 2024–2026]. Retrieved from https://www.kratid.ee/_files/ugd/7df26f_21000a2dd36c4a66a30eea97563370a3.pdf [accessed 31 Aug 2024]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Nortal (2021), ‘OTT—An AI-Powered Success Story in the Public Sector,’ July 5. Retrieved from https://nortal.com/insights/ott-an-ai-powered-success-story-inthe-public-sector/ [accessed 17 Jul 2023]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
OECD (2022), OECD Employment Outlook 2022: Building Back More Inclusive Labour Markets, Paris: OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/5bddb06a-en
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Park, C. Y.; Shin, K. & Kikkawa, A. (2022), ‘Demographic Change, Technological Advance, and Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis,’ Economic Modelling, vol. 108, art. 105742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105742
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rajnai, Z. & Kocsis, I. (2017), ‘Labor Market Risks of Industry 4.0, Digitization, Robots and AI,’ in 2017 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY), pp. 343–346. https://doi.org/10.1109/SISY.2017.8080580
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Schwab, K. (2016), ‘The Fourth Industrial Revolution: What It Means and How to Respond,’ World Economic Forum, January 14. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/ [accessed 17 Jul 2023]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sienkiewicz, E. Ł. (2022), Future Skills, Career Guidance, and Lifelong Learning in PES, Brussels: European Network of Public Employment Services, European Commission. https://doi.org/10.2767/640074
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Stone, P.; Brooks, R.; Brynjolfsson, E.; Calo, R.; Etzioni, O.; Hager, G.; Hirschberg, J.; Kalyanakrishnan, S.; Kamar, E. & Kraus, S. (2022), Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030: The One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence, Report of the 2015–2015 Study Panel, Stanford: Stanford University.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tropp, E.-M.; Hoffmann, T. & Chochia, A. (2022), ‘Open Data: A Stepchild in e-Estonia’s Data Management Strategy?’ TalTech Journal of European Studies, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 123–134. https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0006
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Unemployment Insurance Act, Töötuskindlustuse seadus, Estonian Parliament, 13.6.2001. Retrieved from https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/512082020014/consolide/current [accessed 22 Aug 2023]
]Search in Google Scholar
[
University of Tartu (2022), Programmi RITA Tegevuse 1 Projekti Masinõppe ja AI Tõega Teenused Lõpparuanne [Final Report of Activity 1 of the RITA Program: Machine Learning and AI Truth Service], Tartu: University of Tartu.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Urquidi, M. & Ortega, G. (2020), Artificial Intelligence for Job Seeking: How to Enhance Labor Intermediation in Public Employment Services, Technical Note no. 1996, Inter-American Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.18235/0002785
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Venkatesh, V.; Brown, S. A. & Bala, H. (2013), ‘Bridging the Qualitative-Quantitative Divide: Guidelines for Conducting Mixed Methods Research in Information Systems,’ MIS Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 21–54. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2013/37.1.02
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wallinder, Y. & Seing, I. (2022), ‘When the Client Becomes Her Own Caseworker: Dislocation of Responsibility Through Digital Self-Support in the Swedish Public Employment Service,’ Sozialer Fortschritt, vol. 71, nos. 6–7, pp. 405–423. https://doi.org/10.3790/sfo.71.6-7.405v2
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wirtz, B. W.; Weyerer, J. C. & Geyer, C. (2019), ‘Artificial Intelligence and the Public Sector Applications and Challenges,’ International Journal of Public Administration, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 596–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zuiderwijk, A.; Chen, Y.-C. & Salem, F. (2021), ‘Implications of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Public Governance: A Systematic Literature Review and a Research Agenda,’ Government Information Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 3, art. 101577. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GIQ.2021.101577
]Search in Google Scholar
