Plagiarism as a Legal Phenomenon and Algorithm-Based Decision Making

Academic Policies. Established by Regulation no. 6 of 17 December 2018 of the Council of Tallinn University of Technology (entry into force 01.08.2019). Retrieved from https://portal-int.taltech.ee/sites/default/files/2020-10/TT_OKE_010819-EN_202007.pdf [accessed Jun 2022] Search in Google Scholar

Bast, C. M. & Samuels L. B. (2008), ‘Plagiarism and legal scholarship in the age of information sharing: The need for intellectual honesty,’ Catholic University Law Review, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 777–815. Search in Google Scholar

Berry, R. (2010), ‘Plagiarism: The Legal Landscape. Librarian Publications,’ 24. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/library_staff/24 [accessed Jan 2022] Search in Google Scholar

Bin-Habtoor, A. S. & Zaher, M. A. (2012), ‘A survey on plagiarism detection systems,’ International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 185–188. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJCTE.2012.V4.44710.7763/IJCTE.2012.V4.447 Search in Google Scholar

Burk, D. L. (2021), ‘Algorithmic legal metrics,’ Notre Dame Law Review, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 1147–1204. Search in Google Scholar

Dehn, R. W. (2003), ‘Is technology contributing to academic dishonesty?’ Perspective on Physician Assistant Education, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 190–192. https://doi.org/10.1097/01367895-200314030-0003610.1097/01367895-200314030-00036 Search in Google Scholar

De L. Pertile, S.; Moreira, V. P. & Rosso, P. (2016), ‘Comparing and combining content- and citation-based approaches for plagiarism detection,’ Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, vol. 67, no. 10, pp. 2511–2526. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.2359310.1002/asi.23593 Search in Google Scholar

Desai, D. R. & Kroll, J. A. (2017), ‘Trust but verify: A guide to algorithms and the law,’ Harvard Journal of Lw and Technology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 1–64. Search in Google Scholar

Enago Academy (2021), ‘Should the academic community trust plagiarism detectors?’ 19 October. Retrieved from https://www.enago.com/academy/should-the-academic-community-trust-plagiarism-detectors/ [accessed Nov 2022] Search in Google Scholar

Ercegovac, Z. & Richardson, J. V. (2004), ‘Academic dishonesty, plagiarism included, in the digital age: A literature review,’ College & Research Libraries, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 301–318. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.65.4.30110.5860/crl.65.4.301 Search in Google Scholar

Gerdy, K. B. (2004), ‘Law student plagiarism: Why it happens, where it’s found, and how to find it,’ Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal, vol. 2, no. 13, pp. 431–440. Search in Google Scholar

Green, P. S. (2002), ‘Plagiarism, norms, and the limits of theft law: Some observations on the use of criminal sanctions in enforcing intellectual property rights,’ SSRN Electronic Journal, vol. 54, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.31556210.2139/ssrn.315562 Search in Google Scholar

Halgamuge, M. N. (2017), ‘The use and analyses of anti-plagiarism software: Turnitin tool for formative assessment and feedback,’ Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 895–909. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.2184210.1002/cae.21842 Search in Google Scholar

Ho, J. K.-K. (2014), ’An exploration of the problem of plagiarism with the cognitive mapping technique,’ Systems Research and Behavioral Science, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 735–742. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.229610.1002/sres.2296 Search in Google Scholar

Hongyan, M. J.; Guofang, W. & Yong, L. E. (2008), ‘Digital cheating and plagiarism in schools,’ Theory into Practice, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/0040584080215380910.1080/00405840802153809 Search in Google Scholar

Hutton, P. A. (2006), ‘Understanding student cheating and what educators can do about it,’ College Teaching, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 171–176. https://doi.org/10.3200/CTCH.54.1.171-17610.3200/CTCH.54.1.171-176 Search in Google Scholar

Joamets, K. & Chochia, A. (2020), ‘Artificial intelligence and its impact on labour relations in Estonia,’ Slovak Journal of Political Sciences, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 255−277. https://doi.org/10.34135/sjps.20020410.34135/sjps.200204 Search in Google Scholar

Joamets, K. & Chochia, A. (2021), ‘Access to artificial intelligence for persons with disabilities: Legal and ethical questions concerning the application of trustworthy AI,’ Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 51–66. https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2021.1.0410.11590/abhps.2021.1.04 Search in Google Scholar

Jones, D. L. R. (2011), ‘Academic dishonesty: Are more students cheating?’ Business Communication Quaterly, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/108056991140405910.1177/1080569911404059 Search in Google Scholar

Kaktinš, L. (2019), ‘Does Turnitin support the development of international students’ academic integrity?’ Ethics and Education, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 430–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2019.166094610.1080/17449642.2019.1660946 Search in Google Scholar

Khaled, F. & Al-Tamimi, M. S. (2021), ‘Plagiarism detection methods and tools: An overview,’ Iraqi Journal of Science, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 2771–2783. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2021.62.8.3010.24996/ijs.2021.62.8.30 Search in Google Scholar

Kim, T. W. & Routledge, B. R. (2021),’Why a right to an explanation of algorithmic decision-making should exist: A trust-based approach,’ Business Ethics Quaterly, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 75–102. https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2021.310.1017/beq.2021.3 Search in Google Scholar

Larsson, K. & Hansson, H. (2013), ‘Anti-plagiarism strategies: How to manage it with quality in large-scale thesis productions,’ International Journal for Educational Integrity, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 60–73. https://doi.org/10.21913/IJEI.v9i2.89310.21913/IJEI.v9i2.893 Search in Google Scholar

Lindahl, J. F. & Grace, D. (2018), ‘Students’ and supervisors’ knowledge and attitudes regarding plagiarism and referencing,’ Research Integrity and Peer Review, vol. 3, art. 10, pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41073-018-0054-210.1186/s41073-018-0054-2619841930386644 Search in Google Scholar

Mind Matters News (2019), ‘AI is not a simple fix for plagiarism. The internet speeded up a perennial problem without changing it,’ 3 April. Retrieved from https://mindmatters.ai/2019/04/ai-is-not-a-simple-fix-for-plagiarism/ [accessed Jun 2022] Search in Google Scholar

Mirarchi, J. (2000–2001), ‘Plagiarism: What it is? How to avoid it? And why?’ T. M. Cooley J. Prac & Clinical L, vol. 4, pp. 381–387. Search in Google Scholar

Niels, G. J. (2003), Academic Practices, School Culture and Cheating Behavior. Retrieved from http://www.winchesterthurston.org/uploaded/about_us/cheating.pdf [accessed Nov 2022] Search in Google Scholar

Nyman-Metcalf, K. & Kerikmäe, T. (2021), ‘Machines are taking over—are we ready? Law and artificial intelligence,’ Singapore Academy of Law Journal, vol. 33, pp. 24−49. Search in Google Scholar

Parker, A. & Hamblen, J. O. (1989), ‘Computer algorithms for plagiarism detection,’ IEEE Transactions on Education, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1109/13.2803810.1109/13.28038 Search in Google Scholar

Potthast, M.; Barrón-Cedeño, A.; Stein, B. & Rosso, P. (2011), ‘Cross-language plagiarism detection,’ Language Resources and Evaluation, vol. 45, pp. 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-009-9114-z10.1007/s10579-009-9114-z Search in Google Scholar

Puiu, T. (2019), ‘AI: A tool both for detecting and enhancing student plagiarism,’ ZME Science, 10 October. Retrieved from https://www.zmescience.com/science/ai-a-tool-both-for-detecting-and-enhancing-student-plagiarism/ [accessed Jun 2022] Search in Google Scholar

Rabani, H. (2019), ‘The use of information and communication technology in academic research: Is it possible to realize academic integrity?’ Arab World English Journal, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 88–100. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol10no4.710.24093/awej/vol10no4.7 Search in Google Scholar

Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation), OJ L 119/1, 4.5.2016. Search in Google Scholar

Roberts, L. A. & Todd, M. M. (2018), ‘Let’s be honest about law school cheating: A law-tech solution for high-tech problem,’ Akron Law Review, vol. 52, pp. 1155–1188. Search in Google Scholar

Roberts, T. (2008), Student Plagiarism in an Online World: Problems and Solutions. Information Science Reference, Hershey: New York. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-801-710.4018/978-1-59904-801-7 Search in Google Scholar

Saunders, J. (2010), ‘Plagiarism and the law,’ Learned Publishing, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 279–292. https://doi.org/10.1087/2010040210.1087/20100402 Search in Google Scholar

Scott, S. (2017), ‘From plagiarism-plagued to plagiarism-proof: Using anonymized case assignments in intermediate accounting,’ Accounting Perspectives, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 247–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3838.1215410.1111/1911-3838.12154 Search in Google Scholar

The New Indian Express (2019), ‘This articifial intelligence can detect whether students have cheated in doing assignments,’ 30 May. Retrieved from https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/tech/2019/may/30/this-artificial-intelligence-can-detect-whether-students-have-cheated-in-doing-assignments-1983774.html [accessed Nov 2022] Search in Google Scholar

Tkachenko, S. (2019), ‘How plagiarism checkers use artificial intelligence to fight contract cheating,’ LMSpulse. Retrieved from https://www.lmspulse.com/2019/unicheck-plagiarism-ai-contract-cheating-originality/ [accessed Nov 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Todd, P. (2010), ‘Plagiarism detection software: legal and pedagogical issues,’ The Law Teacher, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069400.2010.48616510.1080/03069400.2010.486165 Search in Google Scholar

Vani, K. & Gupta, D. (2016), ‘Study on extrinsic text plagiarism detection techniques and tools,’ Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 150–164. https://doi.org/10.25103/jestr.094.2310.25103/jestr.094.23 Search in Google Scholar

Wiss-Carline, J. (2021), ‘Is plagiarism illegal?’ Plagiarism Checker. Retrieved from https://www.plagiarismchecker.net/is-plagiarism-illegal.php [accessed Nov 2022] Search in Google Scholar

Yang, A.; Stickwell, S. & McDonnell, L. (2019), ‘Writing in your own voice: An intervention that reduces plagiarism and common writing problems in students, scientific writing,’ Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmb.2128210.1002/bmb.2128231225935 Search in Google Scholar

• Customary International Humanitarian Law and Article 36 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions: A Stopgap Regulator of Autonomous Weapons Systems?
• Comprehensibility and Automation: Plain Language in the Era of Digitalization
• Environmental Crimes and Bentonite Mining and Processing Companies in Slovak Republic
• The Impact of Fintech on Financial Institutions: The Case of Georgia
• Participatory Budgeting as the Instrument of Technologically Supported Dialogue in Cracow, Poland
• Developing a Regulatory Framework for Autonomous Vehicles: A Proximal Analysis of European Approach and Its Application to ASEAN Countries
• Plagiarism as a Legal Phenomenon and Algorithm-Based Decision Making
• Remedies to the Irreversibility of Smart Contracts in Colombian Private Law