This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Amaro, N. M., Marinho, D. A., Marques, M. C., Batalha, N. P., Morouco, P. G. (2017). Effects of Dry-Land Strength and Conditioning Programs in Age Group Swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(9), 2447–2454. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001709Search in Google Scholar
Armstrong, N. (2013). Aerobic Fitness and Physical Activity in Children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 25(4), 548–560. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.25.4.548Search in Google Scholar
Armstrong, N. (2019). Development of the Youth Athlete. Routledge, Oxford.Search in Google Scholar
Armstrong, N., Barker, A. R., McManus, A. M. (2015). Muscle Metabolism Changes with Age and Maturation. How Do They Relate to Youth Sport Performance? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(13), 860–864. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094491Search in Google Scholar
Armstrong, N., Barker, A. R., McManus, A. M. (2017). Muscle Metabolism During Exercise. In N. Armstrong & W. Mechelen (Eds.), Oxford Textbook of Children's Sport and Exercise Medicine (pp. 69–87). 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Search in Google Scholar
Armstrong, N., & Welsman, J. (2020). The Development of Aerobic and Anaerobic Fitness with Reference to Youth Athletes. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, 2(4), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-020-00070-5Search in Google Scholar
Barbosa, T. M., Fernandes, R., Keskinen, K. L., Colaço, P., Cardoso, C., Silva, J., Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2006). Evaluation of the Energy Expenditure in Competitive Swimming Strokes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(11), 894–899. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-923776Search in Google Scholar
Barbosa, T. M., Costa, M., Marinho, D. A., Coelho, J., Moreira, M., Silva, A. J. (2010). Modeling the Links Between Young Swimmers’ Performance: Energetic and Biomechanic Profiles. Pediatric Exercise Science, 2(3), 379–391. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.22.3.379Search in Google Scholar
Barbosa, T. M., Marinho, D. A., Costa, M. J., Silva, A. J. (2011). Biomechanics of Competitive Swimming Strokes. In V. Klika (Ed), Biomechanics in Applications (pp. 367-388). IntechOpen Limited, London, United Kingdom.Search in Google Scholar
Bar-Or, O. (1983). Pediatric Sports Medicine for the Practitioner. Springer, New York.Search in Google Scholar
Bar-Or, O., & Rowland, T. W. (2004). Pediatric Exercise Medicine. 2nd ed. Human Kinetics, Champaign.Search in Google Scholar
Baquet, G., Van Praagh, E., Berthoin, S. (2003). Endurance Training and Aerobic Fitness in Young People. Sports Medicine, 33, 1127–1143. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333150-00004Search in Google Scholar
Baxter-Jones, A. D., & Maffulli, N. (2003). Endurance in Young Athletes: It Can Be Trained. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(2), 96–97. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.37.2.96Search in Google Scholar
Bielec, G., Gozdziejewska, A., Makar, P. (2021). Changes in Body Composition and Anthropomorphic Measurements in Children Participating in Swimming and Non-Swimming Activities. Children, 8(7), 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8070529Search in Google Scholar
Capelli, C., Pendergast, D. R., Termim, B. (1998). Energetics of Swimming at Maximal Speeds in Humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 78, 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050435Search in Google Scholar
de Onis, M., Onyango, A. W., Borghi, E., Siyam, A., Nishida, C., Siekmann, J. (2007). Development of a WHO Growth Reference for School-Aged Children and Adolescents. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85(9), 660–667. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.043497Search in Google Scholar
Dobbs, C. W., Gill, N. D., Smart, D. J., McGuigan, M. R. (2015). Relationship Between Vertical and Horizontal Jump Variables and Muscular Performance in Athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(3), 661–671. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000694Search in Google Scholar
Freedman, D. S., Sherry, B. (2009). The Validity of BMI as an Indicator of Body Fatness and Risk Among Children. Pediatrics, 124 Suppl 1, S23–S34. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-3586ESearch in Google Scholar
Geladas, N. D., Nassis, G. P., Pavlicevic, S. (2005). Somatic and Physical Traits Affecting Sprint Swimming Performance in Young Swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26, 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-817862Search in Google Scholar
Gerver, W. J., & de Bruin, R. (2003). Growth Velocity: A Presentation of Reference values in Dutch Children. Hormone Research, 60, 181–184. https://doi.org/10.1159/000073230Search in Google Scholar
Jürimäe, J., Haljaste, K., Cicchella, A., Lätt, E., Purge, P., Leppik, A., Jürimäe, T. (2007). Analysis of Swimming Performance from Physical, Physiological, and Biomechanical Parameters in Young Swimmers. Pediatric Exercise Science, 19, 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.19.1.70Search in Google Scholar
Kalamen, J. (1968). Measurement of Maximum Muscle Power in Man. Doctoral dissertation. Ohio State University, Columbus.Search in Google Scholar
Kuberski, M., Polak, A., Szołtys, B., Markowski, K., Zarzeczny, R. (2022). Associations Between Selected Biological Features and Absolute and Relative Swimming Performance of Prepubescent Boys Over a 3-Year Swimming Training Program: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Human Kinetics, 83, 143–153. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0056Search in Google Scholar
Laframboise, M. A., & Degraauw, C. (2011). The Effects of Aerobic Physical Activity on Adiposity in School-Aged Children and Youth: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 55(4), 256–268.Search in Google Scholar
Lang, M., & Light, R. (2010). Interpreting and Implementing the Long Term Athlete Development Model: English Swimming Coaches’ Views on the (Swimming) LTAD in Practice. Internation Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 5(3), 389–402. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.5.3.389Search in Google Scholar
Leger, L. A., Mercier, D., Gadoury, C., Lambert, J. (1988). The Multistage 20 Metre Shuttle Run Test for Aerobic Fitness. Journal of Sports Sciences, 6(2), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640418808729800Search in Google Scholar
Lin, J., Shen, J., Zhang, J., Zhou, A., Guo, W. (2023). Correlations Between Horizontal Jump and Sprint Acceleration and Maximal Speed Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PeerJ, 11, e14650. http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14650Search in Google Scholar
Machado, E., Jannuzzi, F., Telles, S., Oliveira, C., Madeira, I., Sicuro, F., Souza, M. D. G., Monteiro, A., Bouskela, E., Collett-Solberg, P., Farinatti, P. (2022). A Recreational Swimming Intervention During the Whole School Year Improves Fitness and Cardiometabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 17093. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417093Search in Google Scholar
McDonald, J. H. (2014). Handbook of Biological Statistics, third ed. Sparky House Publishing, Baltimore, Maryland.Search in Google Scholar
Moore, S. A., McKay, H. A., Macdonald, H., Nettlefold, L., Baxter-Jones, A. D. G., Cameron, N., Brasher, P. M. A. (2015). Enhancing a Somatic Maturity Prediction Model. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47(8), 1755–1764. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000588Search in Google Scholar
Potdevin, F. J., Alberty, M. E., Chevutschi, A., Pelayo, P., Sidney, M. C. (2011). Effects of a 6-Week Plyometric Training Program on Performances in Pubescent Swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(1), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181fef720Search in Google Scholar
Rejman, M., Tyc, Ł., Kociba, M., Bornikowska, A., Rudnik, D., Kozieł, S. (2018). Anthropometric Predispositions for Swimming from the Perspective of Biomechanics.Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 20, 151–159.Search in Google Scholar
Rogowska, P., Bujak, P., Zarzeczny, R. (2023). An Assessment of Selected Motor Skills in Young Female Swimmers and Their Associations with Swimming Test Results – A Pilot Study. Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne, 39(4), 364–375. https://doi.org/10.5114/ms.2023.134088Search in Google Scholar
Seffrin, A., DE Lira, C. A., Nikolaidis, P. T., Knechtle, B., Andrade, M. S. (2022). Age-Related Performance Determinants of Young Swimmers in 100- and 400-m Events. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 62(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12045-6Search in Google Scholar
Silva, D. A. S., de Andrade Gonçalves, E. C., Coelho, E. F., Cerqueira, M. S., Werneck, F. Z. (2022). Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Physical Activity Among Children and Adolescents: 3-Year Longitudinal Study in Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 11431. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811431Search in Google Scholar
Sousa, M., Vilas-Boas, J. P., Fernandes, R. J. (2012). Is the Critical Velocity Test a Good Tool for Aerobic Assessment of Children Swimmers? The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 5, 125–129. https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X01205010125Search in Google Scholar
Van Hooren, B., & De Ste Croix, M. (2020). Sensitive Periods to Train General Motor Abilities in Children and Adolescents: Do They Exist? A Critical Appraisal. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 42(6), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000545Search in Google Scholar
Welsman, J., & Armstrong, N. (2019). The 20 m Shuttle Run is Not a Valid Test of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Boys Aged 11–14 Years. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 5, e000627. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000627Search in Google Scholar
Weston, M., Hibbs, A., Thompson, K., Spears, I. (2015). Isolated Core Training Improves Sprint Performance in National-Level Junior Swimmers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10, 204–210. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0488Search in Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2020, November 25). WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Accessed May 17, 2024 from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128Search in Google Scholar
Zamparo, P., Capelli, C., Cautero, M., Di Nino, A. (2000). Energy Cost of Front-Crawl Swimming at Supra-Maximal Speeds and Underwater Torque in Young Swimmers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 83(6), 487–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210000318Search in Google Scholar
Zarzeczny, R., Kuberski, M., Suliga, E. (2022). The Effect of Three-Year Swim Training on Cardio-Respiratory Fitness and Selected Somatic Features of Prepubertal Boys. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127125Search in Google Scholar