The reproducibility of cephalometric landmarks: an experimental study on skulls

1 Hallett GEM. Inherent errors in cephalometric films and their reduction. Transaction of the Brit Soc of Orthod 1959; 1-10. Search in Google Scholar

2 Baumrind S, Frantz RC. The reliability of head film measurements 2. Conventional angular and linear measures. Am J Orthod 1971; 60(5): 505-17. Search in Google Scholar

3 Houston WJB. The analysis of errors in orthodontics measurements. Am J Orthod 1983; 83(5): 382-9. Search in Google Scholar

4 Richardson A (1966). An investigation into the reproducibility of some points, planes, and lines used in cephalometric analysis. Am J Orthod 1966; 52(9): 637-51. Search in Google Scholar

5 Broadway ES, Healy MJR, Poyton HG. The accuracy of tracing from cephalometric lateral skull radiographs. Dent Pract 1962; 12(12): 455-8. Search in Google Scholar

6 Kvam E, Krogstad O. Variability in tracings of lateral head plates for diagnostic orthodontic purposes. A methodologic study. Acta Odont Scand 1969; 27: 360-9. Search in Google Scholar

7 Gravely JF, Benzies PM. The clinical significance of tracing error in cephalometry. Brit J Orthod 1974; 1:95-101. Search in Google Scholar

8 Midtgard J, Björk G, Linder-Aronson S. Reproducibility of cephalometric landmarks and errors of measurements of cephalometric cranial distances. Angle Orthod 1974; 44: 56-61. Search in Google Scholar

9 Stabrun AE, Danielsen K. Precision in cephalometric landmark identification. Eur J Orthod 1982; 4: 185-96. Search in Google Scholar

10 El-Mangoury NH, Shaheen SI, Mostafa YA. Landmark identification in computerized posteroanterior cephalometrics. Am J Orthod 1987; 91(1): 57-61. Search in Google Scholar

11 Cooke MS and Wei SHY. Cephalometric errors: A comparison between repeat measurements and retaken radiographs. Aust Orthod J 1991; 36:38-43. Search in Google Scholar

12 Savage AW, Showfety KJ, Yancey J. Repeated measures analysis of geometrically constructed and directly determined cephalometric points. Am Orthod 1987; 91(4): 295-9. Search in Google Scholar

13 Krogman WM. Validation of the roentgenographic cephalometric technique. Am J Orthod 1958; 44(12): 933-9. Search in Google Scholar

14 Lau YW, Cooke MS, Hagg U. Effects of training and experience on cephalometric measurement errors on surgical patients. Int J Adult Orthod Orthog Surg 1997; 12: 204-13. Search in Google Scholar

15 Lau YW, Cooke MS, Hagg U. Comparative cephalometric errors for orthodontic and surgical patients. Int J Adult Orthod Orthog Surg 1995; 10: 119-26. Search in Google Scholar

16 Chan T, Tgn TH, Hagg U, Cooke MS. A skull holding devise for experimental cephalometric research. Eur J Orthod 1996; 18: 193-7. Search in Google Scholar

17 Tng TH, Chan CK, Hagg U and Cooke MS. Validity of cephalometric landmarks. An experimental study on human skulls. Eur J Orthod 1994; 16: 110-20. Search in Google Scholar

18 Björk A. The face in profile: An anthropological X-ray investigation on Swedish children and conscripts. Svensk Tandlakare Tidskrift 40 (supple. no. 5B): 1947; 1-180. Search in Google Scholar

19 Cook PA, Gravely JF. Tracing errors with Björk's mandibular structures. Angle Orthod 1988; 169-78. Search in Google Scholar

20 Vincent AM, West VC. Cephalometric landmark identification error. Aust Orthod J 1987; 10(2): 98-104. Search in Google Scholar

21 Broch J, Slagsvold O, Rosier M. Error in landmark identification in lateral radiographic headplates. Eur J Orthod 1981; 3: 9-13. Search in Google Scholar

22 Cohen AM. Uncertainty in cephalornetrics. Brit J Orthod 1984; 11: 44-8 Search in Google Scholar