The influence of mineral nutrition and humic acids on the intensity of photosynthesis, as well as the yield and quality of seeds, roots, and aboveground phytomass of milk thistle  (L.) Gaertn. in marginal growing conditions

treatment / parameter	Nt mg/kg	P mg/kg	K mg/kg	Ca mg/kg	Mg mg/kg	pH	C-ox %	humus %	C/N
NPK	1174 very low	101.2 midle	118.2 low	3,220.6 middle	506.1 very high	6.88 neutral	1.850	3.188 middle	15.8
HUMAC Agro	1,510 high	49.2 low	140.3 slight	3,747.5 High	359.7 very high	6.88 neutral	1.087	1.873 low	7.2
Control	1082 low	77.4 slight	92.2 low	3465.1 high	290.6 high	6.99 neutral	1.443	2.487 midle	13.4

Dosage rate of mineral nutrients NPK (ox. f.) and humic preparation HUMAC Agro per plots monitored in kg/ha.

treatment / soil amendment	NPK	HUMAC Agro	untreated CONTROL
NPK (nutrient content ratio 15:15:15%, P and K in oxide form)	200	0	0
HUMAC Agro (content 62% of humic acids)	0	250	0

Qualitative indicators of phytomass of milk thistle above ground level according treatments, results in 100% dry matter (heating value at the listed analytical moisture content).

treatment / parameter	ADF, %	ADL, %	CrC, %	HeC, %	NDF, %	heating value J/g (moisture, %)	combustion heat, J/g	phytomass above ground level without inflorescence, g/ha	energy yield, GJ/ha
NPK	59.88	10.25	49.63	4.55	64.43	16,123 (6.83)	16,290	2,863,628	46.649
HUMAC Agro	56.24	7.74	48.49	4.88	61.13	16,055 (7.20)	16,227	1,349,254	21.894
Control	60.36	8.31	52.05	4.81	65.17	16,142 (6.62)	16,306	276,232	4.504

Photosynthesis rate (PHR, mmol/m2/s1), photosynthetic active radiation (FAR, mmol/m2/s1) and accompanying parameters of the sequences tested.

treatment / parameter	the sequence of temperature					the sequence of light (FAR)
treatment / parameter	FAR	CO₂, vpm	range of temperature, ° C	average temperature, ° C	PHR	temperature, ° C	CO₂, vpm	range of FAR	average FAR	PHR
NPK	608	402	20.3–38.8	27.6	10.933	30.3	408	0–1,304	484	7.813
HUMAC Agro	608	399	20.3–38.8	27.6	16.386	30.3	403	0–1,304	509	9.653
Control	608	378	20.4–38.3	27.7	20.115	30.2	381	0–1,304	502	12.386

Content (%) of the components of silimarin complex in seeds of milk thistle.

treatment / parameter	SC	SD	SB A	SB B	ISB A	ISB B	flavonolignans at moisture as received	dry matter as received	flavonolignans at 100% dry matter
NPK	0.814	0.024	0.806	1.235	0.311	0.088	3.278	94.02	3.486
HUMAC Agro	0.870	0.029	0.777	1.193	0.295	0.086	3.167	94.03	3.368
Control	0.750	0.045	0.740	1.131	0.291	0.084	3.042	93.94	3.238

Biometric parameters of the main round root of milk thistle, per treatments monitored.

treatment / parameter	root count, pieces/m²	average root diameter, cm	average root weight, g	root yield, g/m²	root moisture at harvest, %	root yield at harvest moisture, t/ha	root yield at 100% dry matter, t/ha
NPK	31.19	1.19	1.59	48.93	44.3	0.489	0.272
HUMAC Agro	19.76	1.15	1.50	29.65	42.3	0.296	0.171
Control	13.38	0.84	0.75	10.04	27.5	0.100	0.072

Average content of nutrients in the soil (0–30 cm) and their categorisation, determined according to the Mehlich III methodology – stated before the beginning of the experiment.

parameter	Nt, mg/kg	P, mg/kg	K, mg/kg	Ca, mg/kg	Mg, mg/kg	pH / KCl	C-ox, %	Humus, %	C/N
value / category	1074 midle	29.7 low	80.2 low	3474.2 high	258.3 high	7.03 neutral	1.101	1.897 low	10.2

Content (%) of the components of the silimarin complex in the main spinning root of the milk thistle.

treatment / parameter	SC	SD	SB A	SB B	ISB A	ISB B	flavonolignans at moisture as received	dry matter as received	flavonolignans at 100% dry matter
NPK	0.014	0.003	0.015	0.027	0.007	0.005	0.072	91.90	0.078
HUMAC Agro	0.015	0.006	0.014	0.025	0.007	0.005	0.072	91.23	0.079
Control	0.006	0.003	0.005	0.012	0.002	0.001	0.031	91.44	0.034

Weather conditions and evaluation of hydrothermal coefficient, SHMU Plaveč 2020 station (1–2 km from experimental site).

month / parameter	average daily temperature, ° C	sum of precipitations, mm	hydrotermic coeficient, Hk (valuation)
May	10.0	101.7	3.3 (excess)
Jun	16.5	99.5	2.0 (sufficient)
July	17.1	103.6	2.0 (sufficient)
August	18.1	74.6	1.3 (sufficient)
V–VIII, vegetation period of milk thistle	15.4	379.4	2.5 (sufficient)

Biometric parameters of stand and above ground phytomass of milk thistle.

treatment / parameter	plant heigh, m	coverage, %	plant density, pieces/m²	plant weight at harvest, g/m²	weight of inflorescence at harvest, g/m²	weight of seeds at harvest, g/m²	weight of seed per plant at harvest, g/plant	aboveground phytomass without inflorescence in 100 % dry matter, t/ha
NPK	1.32–1.54	60–80	31.19	605.42	272.44	79.91	2.56	2.86
HUMAC Agro	1.11–1.36	50–70	19.76	301.71	144.82	45.65	2.31	1.35
Control	0.69–0.83	20–30	13.38	71.28	39.16	12.73	0.95	0.28

Harvest of milk thistle seeds and their basic quality parameters, per treatments monitored.

treatment / parameter	seed moisture at harvest, %	proportion of ripe seeds, %	seed yield at harvest moisture, kg/ha	seed bulk density at 100% dry matter, g/l	thousand seeds weight at 100% dry matter, g	seed yield at 100% dry matter, t/ha
NPK	20.3	83.8	779	664.3	21.1	0.534
HUMAC Agro	32.0	82.5	457	665.9	21.4	0.254
Control	12.6	78.2	127	653.1	20.5	0.087

eISSN:: 2453-6725
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The influence of mineral nutrition and humic acids on the intensity of photosynthesis, as well as the yield and quality of seeds, roots, and aboveground phytomass of milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. in marginal growing conditions

Article Category: Original Paper

Data publikacji: 24 cze 2022

Zakres stron: 27 - 36

Otrzymano: 18 sty 2022

Przyjęty: 03 maj 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2022-0003

Słowa kluczowe
milk thistle, phytomass, yield quality, photosynthesis rate, humic acids, marginal conditions

© 2022 Tóth Š. et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Average content of nutrients in the soil (layer 0–30 cm) and the categorisation, determined according to the Mehlich III methodology, stated at the end of the experiment.

Dosage rate of mineral nutrients NPK (ox. f.) and humic preparation HUMAC Agro per plots monitored in kg/ha.

Qualitative indicators of phytomass of milk thistle above ground level according treatments, results in 100% dry matter (heating value at the listed analytical moisture content).

Photosynthesis rate (PHR, mmol/m2/s1), photosynthetic active radiation (FAR, mmol/m2/s1) and accompanying parameters of the sequences tested.

Content (%) of the components of silimarin complex in seeds of milk thistle.

Biometric parameters of the main round root of milk thistle, per treatments monitored.

Average content of nutrients in the soil (0–30 cm) and their categorisation, determined according to the Mehlich III methodology – stated before the beginning of the experiment.

Content (%) of the components of the silimarin complex in the main spinning root of the milk thistle.

Weather conditions and evaluation of hydrothermal coefficient, SHMU Plaveč 2020 station (1–2 km from experimental site).

Biometric parameters of stand and above ground phytomass of milk thistle.

Harvest of milk thistle seeds and their basic quality parameters, per treatments monitored.

The influence of mineral nutrition and humic acids on the intensity of photosynthesis, as well as the yield and quality of seeds, roots, and aboveground phytomass of milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. in marginal growing conditions

Article Category: Original Paper

Data publikacji: 24 cze 2022

Zakres stron: 27 - 36

Otrzymano: 18 sty 2022

Przyjęty: 03 maj 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2022-0003

Słowa kluczowemilk thistle, phytomass, yield quality, photosynthesis rate, humic acids, marginal conditions

© 2022 Tóth Š. et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Average content of nutrients in the soil (layer 0–30 cm) and the categorisation, determined according to the Mehlich III methodology, stated at the end of the experiment.

Dosage rate of mineral nutrients NPK (ox. f.) and humic preparation HUMAC Agro per plots monitored in kg/ha.

Qualitative indicators of phytomass of milk thistle above ground level according treatments, results in 100% dry matter (heating value at the listed analytical moisture content).

Photosynthesis rate (PHR, mmol/m2/s1), photosynthetic active radiation (FAR, mmol/m2/s1) and accompanying parameters of the sequences tested.

Content (%) of the components of silimarin complex in seeds of milk thistle.

Biometric parameters of the main round root of milk thistle, per treatments monitored.

Average content of nutrients in the soil (0–30 cm) and their categorisation, determined according to the Mehlich III methodology – stated before the beginning of the experiment.

Content (%) of the components of the silimarin complex in the main spinning root of the milk thistle.

Weather conditions and evaluation of hydrothermal coefficient, SHMU Plaveč 2020 station (1–2 km from experimental site).

Biometric parameters of stand and above ground phytomass of milk thistle.

Harvest of milk thistle seeds and their basic quality parameters, per treatments monitored.

Słowa kluczowe
milk thistle, phytomass, yield quality, photosynthesis rate, humic acids, marginal conditions