This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Harfoot R, Webby R: H5 influenza, a global update. J Microbiol 2017, 55(3):196–203.Search in Google Scholar
Reported Human Infections with Avian Influenza A Viruses [https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/reported-human-infections.htm]Search in Google Scholar
Puryear W, Sawatzki K, Hill N, Foss A, Stone JJ, Doughty L, Walk D, Gilbert K, Murray M, Cox E, Patel P, Mertz Z, Ellis S, Taylor J, Fauquier D, Smith A, DiGiovanni RA, Jr van de Guchte A, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Khalil Z, Runstadler J: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) virus outbreak in New England Seals, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2023, 29(4):786–791.Search in Google Scholar
WHO/OIE/FAO H5N1 Evolution Working Group: Toward a unified nomenclature system for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1). Emerg Infect Dis 2008, 14(7):e1.Search in Google Scholar
Xie R, Edwards KM, Wille M, Wei X, Wong SS, Zanin M, El-Shesheny R, Ducatez M, Poon LLM, Kayali G, Webby RJ, Dhanasekaran V: The episodic resurgence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 virus. Nature 2023, 622(7984):810-817.Search in Google Scholar
Cui P, Shi J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Xing X, Kong H, Yan C, Zeng X, Liu L, Tian G, Li C, Deng G, Chen H: Global dissemination of H5N1 influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene and biologic analysis of the ones detected in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022, 11(1):1693-1704.Search in Google Scholar
Klenk HD, Rott R, Orlich M, Blödorn J: Activation of influenza A viruses by trypsin treatment. Virology1975, 68:426–439.Search in Google Scholar
Böttcher E, Matrosovich T, Beyerle M, Klenk HD, Garten W, Matrosovich M: Proteolytic activation of influenza viruses by serine proteases TMPRSS2 and HAT from human airway epithelium. J Virol 2006, 80(19):9896-9898.Search in Google Scholar
Luczo JM, Stambas J, Durr PA, Michalski WP, Bingham J: Molecular pathogenesis of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza: the role of the haemagglutinin cleavage site motif. Rev Med Virol 2015, 25:406–430.Search in Google Scholar
Swayne DE: Understanding the complex pathobiology of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in birds. Avian Dis 2007, 51:242–249.Search in Google Scholar
Hill NJ, Bishop MA, Trovão NS, Ineson KM, Schaefer AL, Puryear WB, Zhou K, Foss AD, Clark DE, MacKenzie KG, Gass JD, Jr Borkenhagen LK, Hall JS, Runstadler JA: Ecological divergence of wild birds drives avian influenza spillover and global spread. PLoS pathogens 2022, 18(5):e1010062.Search in Google Scholar
Adzic B, Husag G, Vidanovic D: First case of high pathogen avian influenza in Montenegro. 10th Balkan Congress of Microbiology: Microbiologia Balkanica ’2017: Abstract book; Sofia, Bulgaria; 2017 Nov 16-18.Search in Google Scholar
Savic V: Novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza A(H5N5) virus in wild birds and poultry, Croatia, 2016-2017, Vet Arhiv 2017, 87(4):377-396.Search in Google Scholar
Bergervoet SA, Ho CKY, Heutink R, Bossers A, Beerens N: Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N5 Viruses in Europe in 2016-2017 appears related to the timing of reassortment events. Viruses 2019, 11(6):501.Search in Google Scholar
More S, Bicout D, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Breed A, Brouwer A, Guillemain M, Harder T, Monne I, Roberts H, Baldinelli F, Barrucci F, Fabris C, Martino L, Mosbach-Schulz O, Verdonck F, Morgado J, Stegeman JA: EFSA AHAW Panel (EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare), Scientific opinion on avian influenza. EFSA Journal 2017;15(10):4991.Search in Google Scholar
Lazić G, Petrović T, Lupulović D, Samojlović M, Gajdov V, Đurđević B, Pajić M, Knežević S, Lazić S: International Symposium “Avian influenza and West Nile virus – global treats for emerging and re-emerging diseases” (2022), Proceedings, Novi Sad, SerbiaSearch in Google Scholar
Alexandrou O, Malakou M, Nikolaou H, Catsadorakis G: Avian influenza and Dalmatian pelicans at lesser Prespa Lake and southereastern Europe in 2022: events, lessons learned and future challenges. Society for Protection of Prespa, Lamos Prespa, 2023, 23.Search in Google Scholar
Spackman E, Senne DA, Bulaga LL, Myers TJ, Perdue ML, Garber LP, Lohman K, Daum LT, Suarez DL: Development of real-time RT-PCR for the detection of avian influenza virus. Avian Dis 2003, 47(3 Suppl):1079–1082.Search in Google Scholar
Slomka MJ, Pavlidis T, Banks J, Shell W, McNally A, Essen S, Brown IH: Validated H5 Eurasian real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and its application in H5N1 outbreaks in 2005-2006. Avian Dis 2007, 51(1 Suppl):373–377.Search in Google Scholar
Slomka MJ, Pavlidis T, Coward VJ, Voermans J, Koch G, Hanna A, Banks J, Brown IH: Validated RealTime reverse transcriptase PCR methods for the diagnosis and pathotyping of Eurasian H7 avian influenza viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2009, 3(4):151-164.Search in Google Scholar
Payungporn S, Chutinimitkul S, Chaisingh A, Damrongwantanapokin S, Buranathai C, Amonsin A, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y: Single step multiplex real-time RT-PCR for H5N1 influenza A virus detection. J Virol Methods 2006, 131:143-147.Search in Google Scholar
Hoffmann E, Stech J, Guan Y, Webster RG, Perez DR: Universal primer set for the full-length amplification of all influenza a viruses. Arch Virol 2001, 146:2275–2289.Search in Google Scholar
Li H Minimap: Pairwise alignment for nucleotide sequences. Bioinformatics 2018, 34:3094–3100.Search in Google Scholar
Li H: A statistical framework for SNP calling, mutation discovery, association mapping and population genetical parameter estimation from sequencing data. Bioinformatics 2011, 27:2987–2993.Search in Google Scholar
Grubaugh ND, Gangavarapu K, Quick J, Matteson NL, De Jesus JG, Main BJ, Tan AL, Paul LM, Brackney DE, Grewal S, Gurfield N, Van Rompay KKA, Isern S, Michael SF, Coffey LL, Loman NJ, Andersen KG: An amplicon-based sequencing framework for accurately measuring intrahost virus diversity using PrimalSeq and iVar. Genome Biol 2019, 20(1):8.Search in Google Scholar
Shu Y, McCauley J: GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data—From vision to reality. Eurosurveillance 2017, 22:30494.Search in Google Scholar
Koichiro T, Glen S, Sudhir K: MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 11. Molec Biol Evol 2021, 38:3022-3027.Search in Google Scholar
Letunic I, Bork P: Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v5: an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation, Nucleic Acids Res 2021, 49(1): W293–W296.Search in Google Scholar
Luczo JM, Stambas J, Durr PA, Michalski WP, Bingham J: Molecular pathogenesis of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza: the role of the haemagglutinin cleavage site motif. Rev Med Virol 2015, 25:406-430.Search in Google Scholar
Zavala-Ruiz Z, Sundberg EJ, Stone JD, DeOliveira DB, Chan IC, Svendsen J, Mariuzza RA, Stern LJ: Exploration of the P6/P7 region of the peptide-binding site of the human class II major histocompatability complex protein HLA-DR1. J Biol Chem 2003, 278(45):44904–44912.Search in Google Scholar
Tsibane T, Ekiert DC, Krause JC, Martinez O, Crowe JE, Jr Wilson IA, Basler CF: Influenza human monoclonal antibody 1F1 interacts with three major antigenic sites and residues mediating human receptor specificity in H1N1 viruses. PLoS pathogens 2012, 8(12):e1003067.Search in Google Scholar
Su Y, Yang HY, Zhang BJ, Jia HL, Tien P: Analysis of a point mutation in H5N1 avian influenza virus hemagglutinin in relation to virus entry into live mammalian cells. Arch Virol 2008, 153(12):2253–2261.Search in Google Scholar
Yamada S, Suzuki Y, Suzuki T, Le MQ, Nidom CA, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Muramoto Y, Ito M, Kiso M, Horimoto T, Shinya K, Sawada T, Kiso M, Usui T, Murata T, Lin Y, Hay A, Haire LF, Stevens DJ, Russell RJ, Gamblin SJ, Skehel JJ, Kawaoka Y: Haemagglutinin mutations responsible for the binding of H5N1 influenza A viruses to human-type receptors. Nature 2006, 444(7117):378-382.Search in Google Scholar
Barbey-Martin C, Gigant B, Bizebard T, Calder LJ, Wharton SA, Skehel JJ, Knossow M: An antibody that prevents the hemagglutinin low pH fusogenic transition. Virology 2002, 294(1):70–74.Search in Google Scholar
Ekiert DC, Kashyap AK, Steel J, Rubrum A, Bhabha G, Khayat R, Lee JH, Dillon MA, O’Neil RE, Faynboym AM, Horowitz M, Horowitz L, Ward AB, Palese P, Webby R, Lerner RA, Bhatt RR, Wilson IA: Cross-neutralization of influenza A viruses mediated by a single antibody loop. Nature 2012, 489(7417):526–532.Search in Google Scholar
Nakajima S, Nakajima K, Nobusawa E, Zhao J, Tanaka S, Fukuzawa K: Comparison of epitope structures of H3HAs through protein modeling of influenza A virus hemagglutinin: mechanism for selection of antigenic variants in the presence of a monoclonal antibody. Microbiol Immunol 2007, 51(12):1179–1187.Search in Google Scholar
Lee PS, Yoshida R, Ekiert DC, Sakai N, Suzuki Y, Takada A, Wilson IA: Heterosubtypic antibody recognition of the influenza virus hemagglutinin receptor binding site enhanced by avidity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109(42):17040–17045.Search in Google Scholar
Ekiert DC, Bhabha G, Elsliger MA, Friesen RH, Jongeneelen M, Throsby M, Goudsmit J, Wilson IA. Antibody recognition of a highly conserved influenza virus epitope. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2009, 324(5924):246–251.Search in Google Scholar
Ekiert DC, Friesen RH, Bhabha G, Kwaks T, Jongeneelen M, Yu W, Ophorst C, Cox F, Korse HJ, Brandenburg B, Vogels R, Brakenhoff JP, Kompier R, Koldijk MH, Cornelissen LA, Poon LL, Peiris M, Koudstaal W, Wilson IA, Goudsmit J: A highly conserved neutralizing epitope on group 2 influenza A viruses. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2011, 333(6044):843–850.Search in Google Scholar
Monto AS, McKimm-Breschkin JL, Macken C, Hampson AW, Hay A, Klimov A, Tashiro M, Webster RG, Aymard M, Hayden FG, Zambon M: Detection of influenza viruses resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors in global surveillance during the first 3 years of their use. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50(7):2395–2402.Search in Google Scholar
Smith BJ, McKimm-Breshkin JL, McDonald M, Fernley RT, Varghese JN, Colman PM: Structural studies of the resistance of influenza virus neuramindase to inhibitors. J Med Chem 2002, 45(11):2207–2212.Search in Google Scholar
Tulip WR, Varghese JN, Laver WG, Webster RG, Colman PM: Refined crystal structure of the influenza virus N9 neuraminidase-NC41 Fab complex. J Molec Biol 1992, 227(1):122–148.Search in Google Scholar
Webster RG, Air GM, Metzger DW, Colman PM, Varghese JN, Baker AT, Laver WG: Antigenic structure and variation in an influenza virus N9 neuraminidase. J Virol 1987, 61(9):2910–2916.Search in Google Scholar
Odagiri T, Tobita K: Mutation in NS2, a nonstructural protein of influenza A virus, extragenically causes aberrant replication and expression of the PA gene and leads to generation of defective interfering particles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1990, 87(15):5988–5992.Search in Google Scholar
Jackson D, Hossain MJ, Hickman D, Perez DR, Lamb RA: A new influenza virus virulence determinant: the NS1 protein four C-terminal residues modulate pathogenicity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105(11):4381–4386.Search in Google Scholar
Cui P, Shi J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Xing X, Kong H, Yan C, Zeng X, Liu L, Tian G, Li C, Deng G, Chen H: Global dissemination of H5N1 influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene and biologic analysis of the ones detected in China. Emerg Microb Infect 2022, 11(1):1693–1704.Search in Google Scholar
Adlhoch C, Fusaro A, Gonzales JL, Kuiken T, Marangon S, Stahl K, Niqueux É, Staubach C, Terregino C, Mirinaviciute G, Aznar I, Broglia A, Baldinelli F: Scientific report: Avian influenza overview December 2022–March 2023. EFSA Journal 2023, 21(3):7917.Search in Google Scholar
Sovada MA, Pietz PJ, Hofmeister EK, Bartos AJ: West Nile virus in American White Pelican chicks: transmission, immunity, and survival. Am J Tropic Med Hyg 2013, 88(6):1152–1158.Search in Google Scholar
Lee YJ, Kang HM, Lee EK, Song BM, Jeong J, Kwon YK, Kim HR, Lee KJ, Hong MS, Jang I, Choi KS, Kim JY, Lee HJ, Kang MS, Jeong OM, Baek JH, Joo YS, Park YH, Lee HS: Novel reassortant influenza A(H5N8) viruses, South Korea, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2014, 20(6):1087-1089.Search in Google Scholar
