[1. Abdelmageed MI, Abdelmoneim AH, Mustafa MI, Elfadol NM, Murshed NS, Shantier SW, Makhawi AM (2020) Design of multi epitope-based peptide vaccine against E protein of human 2019-nCoV: An immunoinformatics approach. BioRxiv 2020.02.04.934232. doi: 10.1101/2020.02.04.93423210.1101/2020.02.04.934232]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Agostini ML, Andres EL, Sims AC, Graham RL, Sheahan TP, Lu X, Smith EC, Case JB, Feng JY, Jordan R, Ray AS, Cihlar T, Siegel D, Mackman RL, Clarke MO, Baric RS, Denison MR (2018) Coronavirus susceptibility to the antiviral remdesivir (GS-5734) is mediated by the viral polymerase and the proofreading exoribonuclease. MBio 9:e00221-18. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00221-1810.1128/mBio.00221-18584499929511076]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Albarello F, Pianura E, Di SF, Cristofaro M, Petrone A, Marchioni L, Palazzolo C, Schininà V, Nicastri E, Petrosillo N, Campioni P, Eskild P, Zumla A, Ippolito G, Abbonizio MA, Agrati C, Amadei G, Amendola A, Antonini M, Barbaro R, Bartolini B, Benigni M, Bevilacqua N, Bordi L, Bordoni V, Branca M, Capobianchi MR, Caporale C, Caravella I, Carletti F, Castilletti C, Chiappini R, Ciaralli C, Colavita F, Corpolongo A, Curiale S, D’Abramo A, Dantimi C, Angelis AD, Angelis GD, Lorenzo RD, Stefano FD, Ferraro F, Fiorentini L, Frustaci A, Gallì P, Garotto G, Giancola ML, Giansante F, Giombini E, Greci MC, Lalle E, Lanini S, Lapa D, Lepore L, Lucia A, Lufrani F, Macchione M, Marani A, Mariano A, Marini MC, Maritti M, Matusali G, Meschi S, Montaldo FMC, Murachelli S, Noto R, Pallini E, Passeri V, Pelliccioni F, Petrecchia A, Pisciotta M, Pittalis S, Proietti C, Puro V, Rinonapoli G, Rueca M, Sacchi A, Sanasi F, Santagata C, Scarcia S, Scognamiglio P, Scorzolini L, Stazi G, Vaia F, Vairo F, Valli MB (2020) 2019-novel Coronavirus severe adult respiratory distress syndrome in two cases in Italy: An uncommon radiological presentation. Int J Infect Dis 93:192–197. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.043.10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.043711043632112966]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Alraddadi BM, Watson JT, Almarashi A, Abedi GR, Turkistani A, Sadran M, Housa A, Almazro MA, Alraihan N, Banjar A, Albalawi E, Alhindi H, Choudhry AJ, Meiman JG, Paczkowski M, Curns A, Mounts A, Feikin DR, Marano N, Swerdlow DL, Gerber SI, Hajjeh R, Madani TA (2016) Risk factors for primary middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus illness in humans, Saudi Arabia, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 22:49–55. doi: 10.3201/eid2201.15134010.3201/eid2201.151340469671426692185]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Aylward, Bruce (WHO), Liang W (PRC) (2020) Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). In- The WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019, 2019(February):16–24. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf. Accessed 05 April 2020]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Boktor SW, Hafner JW (2020) Influenza. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL). StatPearls Publishing. PMID: 29083802]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Casadevall A, Pirofski L (2020) The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19. J Clin Invest 130:1545–1548. doi: 10.1172/jci13800310.1172/JCI138003710892232167489]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) CDC Laboratory Testing for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Serology Tests. http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/lab/lab-testing.html. Accessed 05 April 2020]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D (2020) Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol 92:418–423. doi: 10.1002/jmv.2568110.1002/jmv.25681716704931967327]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Cheng Y, Wong R, Soo YOY, Wong WS, Lee CK, Ng MHL, Chan P, Wong KC, Leung CB, Cheng G (2005) Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24:44–46. doi: 10.1007/s10096-004-1271-910.1007/s10096-004-1271-9708835515616839]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Cherry JD (2004) The chronology of the 2002-2003 SARS mini pandemic. Paediatr Respir Rev 5:262–269. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2004.07.00910.1016/j.prrv.2004.07.009710608515531249]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Chu CM, Cheng VCC, Hung IFN, Wong MML, Chan KH, Chan KS, Kao RYT, Poon LLM, Wong CLP, Guan Y, Peiris JS M, Yuen KY (2004) Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: Initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax 59:252–256. doi: 10.1136/thorax.2003.01265810.1136/thorax.2003.012658174698014985565]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Corman VM, Muth D, Niemeyer D, Drosten C (2018) Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses. Adv Virus Res 100:163-188. doi: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.01.00110.1016/bs.aivir.2018.01.001711209029551135]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Sobi (2020) Sobi ’ s Anakinra & Emapalumab Requested for Use in Targeted Clinical Study in Italy to Address Severe COVID-19 Cases. In: TrialSiteNews. https://www.trialsitenews.com/sobisanakinra-emapalumab-requested-for-usein-targeted-clinical-study-in-italy-to-address-severe-covid-19-cases/Accessed 05 April 2020.]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL (2019) Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 17:181–192. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-910.1038/s41579-018-0118-9]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan G (2020) Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses 12:372. doi: 10.3390/v1204037210.3390/v12040372]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Duan J, Yan X, Guo X, Cao W, Han W, Qi C, Feng J, Yang D, Gao G, Jin G (2005) A human SARS-CoV neutralizing antibody against epitope on S2 protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 333:186-193. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.08910.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.089]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Netea MG, Rovina N, Akinosoglou K, Antoniadou A, Antonakos N, Damoraki G, Gkavogianni T, Adami ME, Katsaounou P, Ntaganou M (2020) Complex Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 Patients with Severe Respiratory Failure. Cell Host Microbe 27:992-1000.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.00910.1016/j.chom.2020.04.009]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Fan C, Li K, Ding Y, Lu WL, Wang J (2020) ACE2 Expression in Kidney and Testis May Cause Kidney and Testis Damage After 2019-nCoV Infection. MedRxiv 2020.02.12.20022418. doi: 10.1101/2020.02.12.2002241810.1101/2020.02.12.20022418]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Fox RI (1993) Mechanism of action of hydroxychloroquine as an antirheumatic drug. Semin Arthritis Rheu 23:82–91. doi: 10.1016/S0049-0172(10)80012-510.1016/S0049-0172(10)80012-5]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Furuta Y, Komeno T, Nakamura T (2017) Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase. Proc Jpn Acad, Ser B 93:449-463. https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.93.02710.2183/pjab.93.027571317528769016]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Ge XY, Li JL, Yang XL, Chmura AA, Zhu G, Epstein JH, Mazet JK, Hu B, Zhang W, Peng C, Zhang YJ, Luo CM, Tan B, Wang N, Zhu Y, Crameri G, Zhang SY, Wang L F, Daszak P, Shi ZL (2013) Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature 503:535–538. doi: 10.1038/nature1271110.1038/nature12711538986424172901]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, Haagmans BL, Lauber C, Leontovich AM, Neuman BW, Penzar D, Perlman S, Poon LM, Samborskiy DV, Sidorov IA, Sola I, Ziebuhr J (2020) The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 5:536–544. doi: 10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z709544832123347]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Grein J, Ohmagari N, Shin D, Diaz G, Asperges E, Castagna A, Feldt T, Green G, Green ML, Lescure FX, Nicastri E, Oda R, Yo K, Quiros RE, Studemeister A, Redinski J, Ahmed S, Bernett J, Chelliah D, Chen D, Chihara S, Cohen SH, Cunningham J, D’Arminio MA, Ismail S, Kato H, Lapadula G, L’Her E, Maeno T, Majumder S, Massari M, Mora RM, Mutoh Y, Nguyen D, Verweij E, Zoufaly A, Osinusi AO, DeZure A, Zhao Y, Zhong L, Chokkalingam A, Elboudwarej E, Telep L, Timbs L, Henne I, Sellers S, Cao H, Tan SK, Winterbourne L, Desai P, Mera R, Gaggar A, Myers RP, Brainard DM, Childs R, Flanigan T (2020) Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 382:2327-2336. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa200701610.1056/NEJMoa2007016716947632275812]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, Tan KS, Wang DY, Yan Y (2020) The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Military Med Res 7:11. doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-00240-010.1186/s40779-020-00240-0]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Gyawali B, Ramakrishna K, Dhamoon AS (2019) Sepsis: The evolution in definition, pathophysiology, and management. SAGE Open Med 7:1-13 doi: 10.1177/205031211983504310.1177/2050312119835043]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis MLC, Lely AT, Navis GJ, Van GH (2004) Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol 203:631–637. doi: 10.1002/path.157010.1002/path.1570]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Harrison C (2020) Coronavirus puts drug repurposing on the fast track. Nat Biotechnol 38:379–381. doi: 10.1038/d41587-020-00003-110.1038/d41587-020-00003-1]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Healy M (2020) How a discovery that brought us Viagra could help those battling the coronavirus. In: Bangor Daily News, LA. https://www.healthleadersmedia.com/innovation/how-discovery-brought-us-viagra-could-help-those-battling-coronavirus. Accessed 06 April 2020]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Hodgson J (2020) The pandemic pipeline. Nat Biotechnol 38:523-532. doi: 10.1038/d41587-020-00005-z10.1038/d41587-020-00005-z]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Hoehl S, Rabenau H, Berger A, Kortenbusch M, Cinatl J, Bojkova D, Behrens P, Böddinghaus B, Götsch U, Naujoks F, Neumann P, Schork J, Tiarks-Jungk P, Walczok A, Eickmann M, Vehreschild M, Kann G, Wolf T, Gottschalk R, Ciesek S (2020) Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Returning Travelers from Wuhan, China. N Engl J Med 382:1278–1280. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc200189910.1056/NEJMc2001899]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Hongyi C, Zhicheng Z, Li W, Zhihua H, Fanghua G, Xiaodong L, Yahong C, Jinzi JW (2020) First Clinical Study Using HCV Protease Inhibitor Danoprevir to Treat Naïve and Experienced COVID-19 Patients Hongyi. MedRxiv 2020.03.22.20034041. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.22.2003404110.1101/2020.03.22.20034041]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Hotchkiss RS, Moldawer LL, Opal SM, Reinhart K, Turnbull IR, Vincent JL (2016) Sepsis and septic shock. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2:1-21. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.4510.1038/nrdp.2016.45]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395:497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-510.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Hussain S, Pan J, Chen Y, Yang Y, Xu J, Peng Y, Wu Y, Li Z, Zhu Y, Tien P, Guo D (2005) Identification of Novel Subgenomic RNAs and Noncanonical Transcription Initiation Signals of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. J Virol 79:5288–5295. doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.9.5288-5295.200510.1128/JVI.79.9.5288-5295.2005108277215827143]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Kim UJ, Won EJ, Kee SJ, Jung SI, Jang HC (2016) Combination therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferona for Middle East respiratory syndrome. Antivir Ther 2:455–459. doi: 10.3851/IMP300210.3851/IMP3002]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Lam TTY, Shum MHH, Zhu HC, Tong YG, Ni XB, Liao YS, Wei W, Cheung WYM, Li WJ, Li LF, Leung GM, Holmes EC, Hu YL, Guan Y (2020) Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature. 1-4. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2169-010.1038/s41586-020-2169-0]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Lan J, Ge J, Yu J, Shan S, Zhou H, Fan S, Zhang Q, Shi X (2020) Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature 581:215-220. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2180-510.1038/s41586-020-2180-5]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Lankadasari MB, Aparna JS, Mohammed S, James S, Aoki K, Binu VS, Nair S, Harikumar KB (2018) Targeting S1PR1/STAT3 loop abrogates desmoplasia and chemosensitizes pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine. Theranostics 8:3824-3840. doi: 10.7150/thno.2530810.7150/thno.25308]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Li KSM, Huang Y, Tsoi HW, Wong BHL, Wong SSY, Leung SY, Chan KH, Yuen KY (2005) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:14040–14045. doi: 10.1073/pnas.050673510210.1073/pnas.0506735102]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Liao J, Fan S, Chen J, Wu J, Xu S, Guo Y, Li C, Zhang X, Wu C, Mou H, Song C, Li F, Wu G, Zhang J, Guo L, Liu H, Lv J, Xu L, Lang C (2020) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in adolescents and young adults. MedRxiv 2020.03.10.20032136. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.10.2003213610.1101/2020.03.10.20032136]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Lounder DT, Bin Q, De MC, Jordan MB (2019) Treatment of refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with emapalumab despite severe concurrent infections. Blood Adv 3:47–50. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.201802585810.1182/bloodadvances.2018025858]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, Wang W, Song H, Huang B, Zhu N, Bi Y, Ma X, Zhan F, Wang L, Hu T, Zhou H, Hu Z, Zhou W, Zhao L, Chen J, Meng Y, Wang J, Lin Y, Yuan J, Xie Z, Ma J, Liu WJ, Wang D, Xu W, Holmes EC, Gao GF, Wu G, Chen W, Shi W, Tan W (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 395:565–574. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-810.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Lythgoe MP, Middleton P (2020) Ongoing Clinical Trials for the Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Trends in Pharmacological Sci 41:363-382. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.03.00610.1016/j.tips.2020.03.006714466532291112]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Madjid M, Lillibridge S, Mirhaji P, Casscells W (2020) Influenza as a bioweapon. J R Soc Med 96:345–346. doi: 10.1177/01410768030960070910.1177/014107680309600709]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ (2020) COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. The Lancet 395:1033–1034. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-010.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Mei X, Lee HC, Diao KY, Huang M, Lin B, Liu C, Xie Z, Ma Y, Robson PM, Chung M, Bernheim A, Mani V, Calcagno C, Li K, Li S, Shan H, Lv J, Zhao T, Xia J, Long Q, Steinberger S, Jacobi A, Deyer T, Luksza M, Liu F, Little BP, Fayad ZA, Yang Y (2020) Artificial intelligence-enabled rapid diagnosis of patients with COVID-19. Nat Med 1-5. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0931-310.1038/s41591-020-0931-3744672932427924]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Mishra S, Carnahan R (2020) Coronavirus : A new type of vaccine using RNA could help defeat COVID-19. 2, 1–5, Australia. In: The Conversation Blog. https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-anew-type-of-vaccine-using-rna-could-help-defeat-covid-19-133217. Accessed 06 May 2020]Search in Google Scholar
[49. Morgenstern B, Michaelis M, Baer PC, Doerr HW, Cinatl J (2005) Ribavirin and interferon-β synergistically inhibit SARS-associated coronavirus replication in animal and human cell lines. Biochem Bioph Res Co 326:905-908. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.12810.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.128709285115607755]Search in Google Scholar
[50. Myhrvold C, Freije CA, Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Metsky HC, Durbin AF, Kellner MJ, Tan AL, Paul LM, Parham LA, Garcia KF, Barnes KG, Chak B, Mondini A, Nogueira ML, Isern S, Michael SF, Lorenzana I, Yozwiak NL, MacInnis BL, Bosch I, Gehrke L, Zhang F, Sabeti PC (2018) Field-deployable viral diagnostics using CRISPR-Cas13. Science, 360:444–448. doi: 10.1126/science.aas883610.1126/science.aas8836619705629700266]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Pan L, Mu M, Ren HG, Yang P (2020) Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 115:766-773. doi: 10.14309/ajg.000000000000062010.14309/ajg.0000000000000620717249232287140]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Perlman S, Netland J (2009) Coronaviruses post-SARS: Update on replication and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 7:439–450. doi:10.1038/nrmicro214710.1038/nrmicro2147283009519430490]Search in Google Scholar
[53. Peroni JF, Borjesson DL (2011) Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activities of Stem Cells. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Equine Practice 27:351–362. doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2011.06.00310.1016/j.cveq.2011.06.00321872763]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Su H, Yang M, Wan C, Yi L, Tang F, Zhu H, Yi F, Yang H, Fogo AB, Nie X, Zhang C (2020) Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China. Kidney Int 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.00310.1016/j.kint.2020.04.003719410532327202]Search in Google Scholar
[55. Tai W, He L, Zhang X, Pu J, Voronin D, Jiang S, Zhou Y, Du L (2020) Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine. Cell Mol Immunol 17:613–620. doi:10.1038/s41423-020-0400-410.1038/s41423-020-0400-4709188832203189]Search in Google Scholar
[56. Tang X, Wu CLX, Song Y, Yao X, Wu X, Dung Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Qian Z, Cui J, Lu J (2020b) On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Natl Sci Rev nwaa036. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa03610.1093/nsr/nwaa036710787534676127]Search in Google Scholar
[57. Tetro JA (2020) Is COVID-19 receiving ADE from other coronaviruses? Microbe Infect 22:72–73. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.02.00610.1016/j.micinf.2020.02.006710255132092539]Search in Google Scholar
[58. Triana-Baltzer GB, Gubareva LV, Nicholls JM, Pearce MB, Mishin VP, Belser JA, Chen LM, Chan RWY, Chan MCW, Hedlund M, Larson JL, Moss RB, Katz JM, Tumpey TM, Fang F (2009) Novel pandemic influenza A(H1N1) viruses are potently inhibited by DAS181, a sialidase fusion protein. PLoS ONE 4:12–14. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.000778810.1371/journal.pone.0007788277064019893747]Search in Google Scholar
[59. Van DN, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Thornburg NJ, Gerber SI, Lloyd-Smith JO (2020) Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med 382:1564-1567. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc200497310.1056/NEJMc2004973712165832182409]Search in Google Scholar
[60. Vijaykrishna D, Smith GJD, Zhang JX, Peiris JSM, Chen H, Guan Y (2007) Evolutionary Insights into the Ecology of Coronaviruses. J Virol 81:4012–4020. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02605-0610.1128/JVI.02605-06186612417267506]Search in Google Scholar
[61. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng Z (2020) Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 323:1061–1069. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.158510.1001/jama.2020.1585704288132031570]Search in Google Scholar
[62. Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W, Xiao G (2020) Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 30:269–271. doi: 10.1038/s41422-020-0282-010.1038/s41422-020-0282-0705440832020029]Search in Google Scholar
[63. Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, Lu R, Han K, Wu G, Tan W (2020) Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens. JAMA 323:1843–1844. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.378610.1001/jama.2020.3786706652132159775]Search in Google Scholar
[64. Wenzel RP, Edmond MB (2003) Managing SARS amidst uncertainty. N Engl J Med 348:1947–1948. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp03007210.1056/NEJMp03007212748313]Search in Google Scholar
[65. WHO (2020) Emergencies preparedness, response. Pneumonia of unknown origin – China. Disease outbreak news. In: WHO Website. https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/. Accessed 06 April 2020]Search in Google Scholar
[66. Wit ED, Doremalen NV, Falzarano D, Munster VJ (2016). REVIEWS SARS and MERS : recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:523–534. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.8110.1038/nrmicro.2016.81709782227344959]Search in Google Scholar
[67. Worldometer Corona (2020) COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC. In: Worldometer Corona https://www.worldometers.info/coronaviru/ Accessed 09 June 2020]Search in Google Scholar
[68. Wu A, Peng Y, Huang B, Ding X, Wang X, Niu P, Meng J, Zhu Z, Zhang Z, Wang J, Sheng J, Quan L, Xia Z, Tan W, Cheng G, Jiang T (2020) Genome Composition and Divergence of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Originating in China. Cell Host Microbe 27:325–328. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.00110.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001715451432035028]Search in Google Scholar
[69. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Hu Y, Song ZG, Tao ZW, Tian JH, Pei YY, Yuan ML, Zhang YL, Dai FH, Liu Y, Wang QM, Zheng JJ, Xu L, Holmes EC, Zhang YZ (2020) Complete genome characterisation of a novel coronavirus associated with severe human respiratory disease in Wuhan, China. BioRxiv 2020.01.24.919183. doi: 10.1101/2020.01.24.91918310.1101/2020.01.24.919183]Search in Google Scholar
[70. Wu Z, McGoogan JM (2020) Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 323:1239-42. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.264810.1001/jama.2020.264832091533]Search in Google Scholar
[71. Xia S, Zhu Y, Liu M, Lan Q, Xu W, Wu Y, Ying T, Liu S, Shi Z, Jiang S, Lu L (2020) Fusion mechanism of 2019-nCoV and fusion inhibitors targeting HR1 domain in spike protein. Cell Mol Immunol 1-3. doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-0374-210.1038/s41423-020-0374-2707527832047258]Search in Google Scholar
[72. Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X, Liu Y, Li X, Shan H (2020) Evidence for Gastrointestinal Infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology 158:1831-1833. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.05510.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055713018132142773]Search in Google Scholar
[73. Xie L, Sun C, Luo C, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Yang J, Chen L, Yang J, Li J (2020) SARSCoV-2 and SARS-CoV Spike-RBD Structure and Receptor Binding Comparison and Potential Implications on Neutralizing Antibody and Vaccine Development. BioRxiv 2020.02.16.951723. doi: 10.1101/2020.02.16.95172310.1101/2020.02.16.951723]Search in Google Scholar
[74. Xiong C, Jiang L, Chen Y, Jiang Q (2020) Evolution and variation of 2019-novel coronavirus. BioRxiv 2020.01.30.926477. doi: org/10.1101/2020.01.30.92647710.1101/2020.01.30.926477]Search in Google Scholar
[75. Yamamoto N, Yang R, Yoshinaka Y, Amari S, Nakano T, Cinatl J, Rabenau H, Doerr HW, Hunsmann G, Otaka A, Tamamura H, Fujii N, Yamamoto N (2004) HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir inhibits replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. Biochem Bioph Res Co 318:719-25. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.08310.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.083711100515144898]Search in Google Scholar
[76. Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M, Cui C, Huang B, Niu P, Zhao L, Dong E, Song C, Zhan S, Lu R, Li H, Liu D, Clinical D, Liu D, Tan W Liu D (2020) In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Main point : Hydroxychloroquine was found to be more potent than chloroquine at inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 in vit. Clin Infect Dis 2:1–25. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa23710.1093/cid/ciaa237710813032150618]Search in Google Scholar
[77. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, Chen HD, Chen J, Luo Y, Guo H, Jiang RD, Liu MQ, Chen Y, Shen XR, Wang X, Zheng XS, Zhao K, Chen QJ, Deng F, Liu LL, Yan B, Zhan FX, Wang YY, Xiao GF, Shi ZL (2020) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579:270–273. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-710.1038/s41586-020-2012-7709541832015507]Search in Google Scholar
[78. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W (2020) A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 382:727–733. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa200101710.1056/NEJMoa2001017709280331978945]Search in Google Scholar