Promoter methylation analysis of DKK2 may be a potential biomarker for early detection of cervical cancer

[1] Greenlee RT, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer statistics, 2000. CA Cancer J Clin. 2000; 50:7–33. GreenleeRT MurrayT BoldenS WingoPA Cancer statistics, 2000 CA Cancer J Clin 2000 50 7 33 10.3322/canjclin.50.1.710735013 Search in Google Scholar

[2] Woodman CB, Collins SI, Young LS. The natural history of cervical HPV infection: unresolved issues. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007; 7:11–22. WoodmanCB CollinsSI YoungLS The natural history of cervical HPV infection: unresolved issues Nat Rev Cancer 2007 7 11 22 10.1038/nrc205017186016 Search in Google Scholar

[3] Bhattacharjee R, Das SS, Biswal SS, Nath A, Das D, Basu A, et al. Mechanistic role of HPV-associated early proteins in cervical cancer: molecular pathways and targeted therapeutic strategies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2022; 174:103675. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103675 BhattacharjeeR DasSS BiswalSS NathA DasD BasuA Mechanistic role of HPV-associated early proteins in cervical cancer: molecular pathways and targeted therapeutic strategies Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022 174 103675 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103675 35381343 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[4] Zhu H, Zhu H, Tian M, Wang D, He J, Xu T. DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in cervical cancer: diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Front Genet. 2020; 11:347. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00347 ZhuH ZhuH TianM WangD HeJ XuT DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in cervical cancer: diagnosis, prognosis and treatment Front Genet 2020 11 347 10.3389/fgene.2020.00347 716086532328088 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[5] Rius M, Lyko F. Epigenetic cancer therapy: rationales, targets and drugs. Oncogene. 2012; 31:4257–65. RiusM LykoF Epigenetic cancer therapy: rationales, targets and drugs Oncogene 2012 31 4257 65 10.1038/onc.2011.60122179827 Search in Google Scholar

[6] Christensen BC, Marsit CJ. Epigenomics in environmental health. Front Genet. 2011; 2:84. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00084 ChristensenBC MarsitCJ Epigenomics in environmental health Front Genet 2011 2 84 10.3389/fgene.2011.00084 326863622303378 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[7] Dey P. Epigenetic changes in tumor microenvironment. Indian J Cancer. 2011; 48:507–12. DeyP Epigenetic changes in tumor microenvironment Indian J Cancer 2011 48 507 12 10.4103/0019-509X.9224622293269 Search in Google Scholar

[8] Goeppert B, Konermann C, Schmidt CR, Bogatyrova O, Geiselhart L, Ernst C, et al. Global alterations of DNA methylation in cholangiocarcinoma target the Wnt signaling pathway. Hepatology. 2014; 59:544–54. GoeppertB KonermannC SchmidtCR BogatyrovaO GeiselhartL ErnstC Global alterations of DNA methylation in cholangiocarcinoma target the Wnt signaling pathway Hepatology 2014 59 544 54 10.1002/hep.2672124002901 Search in Google Scholar

[9] Murata H, Tsuji S, Tsujii M, Sakaguchi Y, Fu HY, Kawano S, Hori M. Promoter hypermethylation silences cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and regulates growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Lab Invest. 2004; 84:1050–9. MurataH TsujiS TsujiiM SakaguchiY FuHY KawanoS HoriM Promoter hypermethylation silences cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and regulates growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells Lab Invest 2004 84 1050 9 10.1038/labinvest.370011815156159 Search in Google Scholar

[10] Schagdarsurengin U, Wilkens L, Steinemann D, Flemming P, Kreipe HH, Pfeifer GP, et al. Frequent epigenetic inactivation of the RASSF1A gene in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene. 2003; 22:1866–71. SchagdarsurenginU WilkensL SteinemannD FlemmingP KreipeHH PfeiferGP Frequent epigenetic inactivation of the RASSF1A gene in hepatocellular carcinoma Oncogene 2003 22 1866 71 10.1038/sj.onc.120633812660822 Search in Google Scholar

[11] King TD, Suto MJ, Li Y. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway: a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer. J Cell Biochem. 2012; 113:13–8. KingTD SutoMJ LiY The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway: a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer J Cell Biochem 2012 113 13 8 10.1002/jcb.2335021898546 Search in Google Scholar

[12] Wang C, Yue Y, Shao B, Qiu Z, Mu J, Tang J, et al. Dickkopf-related protein 2 is epigenetically inactivated and suppresses colorectal cancer growth and tumor metastasis by antagonizing Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017; 41:1709–24. WangC YueY ShaoB QiuZ MuJ TangJ Dickkopf-related protein 2 is epigenetically inactivated and suppresses colorectal cancer growth and tumor metastasis by antagonizing Wnt/β-catenin signaling Cell Physiol Biochem 2017 41 1709 24 10.1159/00047186128365691 Search in Google Scholar

[13] Hirata H, Hinoda Y, Nakajima K, Kawamoto K, Kikuno N, Kawakami K, et al. Wnt antagonist gene DKK2 is epigenetically silenced and inhibits renal cancer progression through apoptotic and cell cycle pathways. Clin Cancer Res. 2009; 15:5678–87. HirataH HinodaY NakajimaK KawamotoK KikunoN KawakamiK Wnt antagonist gene DKK2 is epigenetically silenced and inhibits renal cancer progression through apoptotic and cell cycle pathways Clin Cancer Res 2009 15 5678 87 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-055819755393 Search in Google Scholar

[14] He Y-H, Su R-J, Zheng J. Detection of DKK-1 gene methylation in exfoliated cells of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship with high risk HPV infection. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021; 304:743–50. HeY-H SuR-J ZhengJ Detection of DKK-1 gene methylation in exfoliated cells of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship with high risk HPV infection Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021 304 743 50 10.1007/s00404-021-05982-333547934 Search in Google Scholar

[15] Dobre M, Salvi A, Pelisenco IA, Vasilescu F, De Petro G, Herlea V, Milanesi E. Crosstalk between DNA methylation and gene mutations in colorectal cancer. Front Oncol. 2021; 11:697409. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.697409 DobreM SalviA PelisencoIA VasilescuF De PetroG HerleaV MilanesiE Crosstalk between DNA methylation and gene mutations in colorectal cancer Front Oncol 2021 11 697409 10.3389/fonc.2021.697409 828195534277443 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[16] Sugai T, Yoshida M, Eizuka M, Uesugii N, Habano W, Otsuka K, et al. Analysis of the DNA methylation level of cancer-related genes in colorectal cancer and the surrounding normal mucosa. Clin Epigenetics. 2017; 9:55. doi: 10.1186/s13148-017-0352-4 SugaiT YoshidaM EizukaM UesugiiN HabanoW OtsukaK Analysis of the DNA methylation level of cancer-related genes in colorectal cancer and the surrounding normal mucosa Clin Epigenetics 2017 9 55 10.1186/s13148-017-0352-4 543759528533824 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[17] Uren A, Wolf V, Sun YF, Azari A, Rubin JS, Toretsky JA. Wnt/Frizzled signaling in Ewing sarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2004; 43:243–9. UrenA WolfV SunYF AzariA RubinJS ToretskyJA Wnt/Frizzled signaling in Ewing sarcoma Pediatr Blood Cancer 2004 43 243 9 10.1002/pbc.2012415266408 Search in Google Scholar

[18] Mu J, Hui T, Shao B, Li L, Du Z, Lu L, et al. Dickkopf-related protein 2 induces G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis through suppressing Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and is frequently methylated in breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2017; 8:39443–59. MuJ HuiT ShaoB LiL DuZ LuL Dickkopf-related protein 2 induces G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis through suppressing Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and is frequently methylated in breast cancer Oncotarget 2017 8 39443 59 10.18632/oncotarget.17055550362428467796 Search in Google Scholar

[19] Chandrashekar DS, Karthikeyan SK, Korla PK, Patel H, Shovon AR, Athar M, et al. UALCAN: an update to the integrated cancer data analysis platform. Neoplasia. 2022; 25:18–27. ChandrashekarDS KarthikeyanSK KorlaPK PatelH ShovonAR AtharM UALCAN: an update to the integrated cancer data analysis platform Neoplasia 2022 25 18 27 10.1016/j.neo.2022.01.001878819935078134 Search in Google Scholar

[20] Chandrashekar DS, Bashel B, Balasubramanya SAH, Creighton CJ, Rodriguez IP, Chakravarthi BVSK, Varambally S. UALCAN: a portal for facilitating tumor subgroup gene expression and survival analyses. Neoplasia. 2017; 19:649–58. ChandrashekarDS BashelB BalasubramanyaSAH CreightonCJ RodriguezIP ChakravarthiBVSK VaramballyS UALCAN: a portal for facilitating tumor subgroup gene expression and survival analyses Neoplasia 2017 19 649 58 10.1016/j.neo.2017.05.002551609128732212 Search in Google Scholar

[21] McShane LM, Altman DG, Sauerbrei W, Taube SE, Gion M, Clark GM; Statistics Subcommittee of The NCI-EORTC Working Group on Cancer Diagnostics. REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK). Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006; 100:229–35. McShaneLM AltmanDG SauerbreiW TaubeSE GionM ClarkGM Statistics Subcommittee of The NCI-EORTC Working Group on Cancer Diagnostics REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK) Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006 100 229 35 10.1007/s10549-006-9242-816932852 Search in Google Scholar

[22] Wang K-H, Lin C-J, Liu C-J, Liu D-W, Huang R-L, Ding D-C, et al. Global methylation silencing of clustered proto-cadherin genes in cervical cancer: serving as diagnostic markers comparable to HPV. Cancer Med. 2015; 4:43–55. WangK-H LinC-J LiuC-J LiuD-W HuangR-L DingD-C Global methylation silencing of clustered proto-cadherin genes in cervical cancer: serving as diagnostic markers comparable to HPV Cancer Med 2015 4 43 55 10.1002/cam4.335431211725418975 Search in Google Scholar

[23] Costello JF, Frühwald MC, Smiraglia DJ, Rush LJ, Robertson GP, Gao X, et al. Aberrant CpG-island methylation has non-random and tumour-type–specific patterns. Nat Genet. 2000; 24:132–8. CostelloJF FrühwaldMC SmiragliaDJ RushLJ RobertsonGP GaoX Aberrant CpG-island methylation has non-random and tumour-type–specific patterns Nat Genet 2000 24 132 8 10.1038/7278510655057 Search in Google Scholar

[24] Silva TD, Vidigal VM, Felipe AV, DE Lima JM, Neto RA, Saad SS, Forones NM. DNA methylation as an epigenetic biomarker in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett. 2013; 6:1687–92. SilvaTD VidigalVM FelipeAV DE LimaJM NetoRA SaadSS ForonesNM DNA methylation as an epigenetic biomarker in colorectal cancer Oncol Lett 2013 6 1687 92 10.3892/ol.2013.1606383419924260063 Search in Google Scholar

[25] Zhu J, Zhang S, Gu L, Di W. Epigenetic silencing of DKK2 and Wnt signal pathway components in human ovarian carcinoma. Carcinogenesis. 2012; 33:2334–43. ZhuJ ZhangS GuL DiW Epigenetic silencing of DKK2 and Wnt signal pathway components in human ovarian carcinoma Carcinogenesis 2012 33 2334 43 10.1093/carcin/bgs27822964660 Search in Google Scholar

[26] Sato H, Suzuki H, Toyota M, Nojima M, Maruyama R, Sasaki S, et al. Frequent epigenetic inactivation of DICKKOPF family genes in human gastrointestinal tumors. Carcinogenesis. 2007; 28:2459–66. SatoH SuzukiH ToyotaM NojimaM MaruyamaR SasakiS Frequent epigenetic inactivation of DICKKOPF family genes in human gastrointestinal tumors Carcinogenesis 2007 28 2459 66 10.1093/carcin/bgm17817675336 Search in Google Scholar

[27] Jung IL, Kang HJ, Kim KC, Kim IG. Knockdown of the Dickkopf 3 gene induces apoptosis in a lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Med. 2010; 26:33–8. JungIL KangHJ KimKC KimIG Knockdown of the Dickkopf 3 gene induces apoptosis in a lung adenocarcinoma Int J Mol Med 2010 26 33 8 Search in Google Scholar

[28] Shao Y-C, Nie X-C, Song G-Q, Wei Y, Xia P, Xu X-Y. Prognostic value of DKK2 from the Dickkopf family in human breast cancer. Int J Oncol. 2018; 53:2555–65. ShaoY-C NieX-C SongG-Q WeiY XiaP XuX-Y Prognostic value of DKK2 from the Dickkopf family in human breast cancer Int J Oncol 2018 53 2555 65 10.3892/ijo.2018.4588620315730320375 Search in Google Scholar

[29] Nikolaidis C, Nena E, Panagopoulou M, Balgkouranidou I, Karaglani M, Chatzaki E, et al. PAX1 methylation as an auxiliary biomarker for cervical cancer screening: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. 2015; 39:682–6. NikolaidisC NenaE PanagopoulouM BalgkouranidouI KaraglaniM ChatzakiE PAX1 methylation as an auxiliary biomarker for cervical cancer screening: a meta-analysis Cancer Epidemiol 2015 39 682 6 10.1016/j.canep.2015.07.00826234429 Search in Google Scholar

[30] Wang H, Duan X-L, Qi X-L, Meng L, Xu Y-S, Wu T, Dai P-G. Concurrent hypermethylation of SFRP2 and DKK2 activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and is associated with poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Mol Cells. 2017; 40:45–53. WangH DuanX-L QiX-L MengL XuY-S WuT DaiP-G Concurrent hypermethylation of SFRP2 and DKK2 activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and is associated with poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer Mol Cells 2017 40 45 53 10.14348/molcells.2017.2245530388828152305 Search in Google Scholar