Diagnostic tests to assess balance in patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review of their validity and reliability
, , oraz | 30 cze 2021
O artykule
Article Category: Review
Data publikacji: 30 cze 2021
Zakres stron: 111 - 118
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/abm-2021-0014
Słowa kluczowe
© 2021 Aatik Arsh et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Figure 1
Summary of studies that assessed the validity or reliability of 10 clinical instruments
| Adegoke et al. [ |
Inadequate | 20 adult nonambulatory patients with SCI | FRT | Test–retest reliability was assessed. ICC ranged from 0.98 to 0.99 in individuals with different levels of injuries | |
| Boswell-Ruys et al. [ |
Doubtful | 30 adult patients with SCI | FRT and T-Shirt Test | Construct validity was assessed using ASIA scores, level of injury, and duration of injury. The tests had good construct validity in that they distinguished between subjects with higher (C6–T7) and lower (T8–L2) levels of injuries and between patients with acute and chronic SCI. The tests correlated with ASIA motor and sensory scores | Test–retest reliability was assessed. ICC for the reach test ranged from 0.80 to 0.89 in different directions while ICC for T-Shirt Test ranged from 0.85 to 0.91 with different tasks of the test |
| Field-Fote and Ray [ |
Adequate | 32 adult patients with motor incomplete SCI | FRT | Concurrent validity was tested with center of pressure excursion. The correlation of forward, backward, right and left reach with center of pressure excursion were 0.71, 0.72, 0.95, and 0.61, respectively | Test–retest reliability was assessed. ICCs ranged from 0.78 to 0.95 in different directions |
| Lynch et al. [ |
Inadequate | 30 adult patients with motor complete SCI | FRT | Test–retest reliability was assessed. ICC ranged from 0.85 to 0.94 in patients with different levels of injuries | |
| Sprigle et al. [ |
Doubtful | 20 adult patients with SCI and injury duration less than 6 months | FRT | Convergent validity was assessed. The correlation of FRT with activities of daily living score was 0.46 | Test–retest reliability was assessed. ICC was 0.85 |
| Sprigle et al. [ |
Inadequate | 22 adult patients with chronic SCI | FRT | Test–retest reliability was assessed. ICC was 0.87 | |
| Srisim et al. [ |
Inadequate | 25 adult ambulatory patients with SCI | BBS, FRT and Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test | Inter-rater reliability was assessed. ICC for BBS, FRT, and Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test were 0.99, 1.00, and 0.99, respectively | |
| Wirz et al. [ |
Doubtful | 42 adult patients with SCI | BBS | Concurrent validity was assessed. The correlation of BBS with SCIM mobility score, Walking Index for SCI, Falls Efficacy Scale, motor scores, and number of falls was 0.89, 0.82, 0.93, 0.81, 0.62, and 0.17, respectively | Inter-rater reliability was assessed. ICC was 0.953 |
| Tamburella et al. [ |
Doubtful | 23 adult patients with incomplete SCI | BBS, Tinetti (total), Tinetti (equilibrium), Tinetti (locomotion) | Intra-rater reliability was assessed. ICC for BBS, Tinetti (total), Tinetti (equilibrium), and Tinetti (locomotion) were 0.97, 0.22, 0.87, and 0.78, respectively | |
| Jørgensen et al. [ |
Adequate | 46 adult patients with chronic SCI | BBS and Mini-BESTest | Construct validity was assessed. Strong correlations between both scales ( |
Internal consistency was assessed. Cronbach α for BBS was 0.94 while α for Mini-BESTest was 0.95 |
| Lemay and Nadeau [ |
Inadequate | 32 adult patients with motor incomplete SCI | BBS | Concurrent validity was assessed. The correlation of BBS with 2-minute walk test, Walking Index for SCI, 10-Meter Walk Test, and Timed Up and Go were 0.78, 0.81, 0.79, and –0.81, respectively, while its correlation with Functional Ambulation Inventory (SCI-FAI) ranged 0.71–0.74 | |
| Chan et al. [ |
Adequate | 21 adult patients with chronic motor incomplete SCI | Mini-BESTest | Concurrent and convergent validity was tested with measures of center of pressure velocity during eye open and eye closed standing and lower extremity muscle strength, respectively. The correlation of Mini-BESTest scores with center of pressure velocity during standing with eye open ranged from –0.48 to –0.76 and during standing with eye closed ranged from –0.04 to 0.07. The correlation of Mini-BESTest scores with lower extremity muscle strength was 0.73 | Test–retest reliability was assessed. ICC for the total score of Mini-BESTest was 0.98 |
| Roy et al. [ |
Very good | 23 adult patients with SCI | Mini-BESTest | Test–retest and inter-rater reliability was assessed. | |
| ICC for test–retest and inter-rater reliability were 0.94 and 0.96, respectively | |||||
| Abou et al. [ |
Adequate | 26 adult nonambulatory patients with chronic SCI | Function in Sitting Test | Concurrent validity was tested with modified FRT (forward and lateral) and posturography assessment (virtual time to contact). The correlation of function in sitting test with lateral reach was 0.64 while its correlation with forward reach and virtual time to contact was 0.16 and 0.23, respectively. | Test–retest reliability and internal consistency was assessed. |
| ICC was 0.95 Cronbach α was 0.81 | |||||
| Jørgensen et al. [ |
Adequate | 48 adult patients with SCI | Motor Assessment Scale item 3 and Sitting Balance Score | Criterion validity was assessed. The correlation between the scales were in relation to neurological injury level ( |
Inter-rater reliability was assessed. For Motor Assessment Scale item 3 |
| Wadhwa and Aikat [ |
Doubtful | 30 adult patients with SCI | Sitting Balance Measure | Content validity of Sitting Balance Measure was established through qualitative review by experts and by calculating content validity ratio. | Internal consistency was assessed. Cronbach α was 0.96 |