Investigation and analysis of attitudes and knowledge of aging among students in different majors
Article Category: Original article
Data publikacji: 07 lis 2019
Zakres stron: 211 - 216
Otrzymano: 20 lip 2018
Przyjęty: 27 lis 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/FON-2019-0029
Słowa kluczowe
© 2019 Li-Mei Zhao et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
Since 2015, China has entered the stage of rapid development of the aging population. At the end of 2016, the population of 60-year-olds and older has reached 231 million, accounting for 16.7% of the total population.1 The increase in the elderly population and the “421” family model have led to a sharp increase in the demand for aged care. As the reserve army of the future elderly nursing talents, as the main caregivers of the elderly in many fields, such as hospitals, communities, and pension institutions, the nursing students’ attitude to the elderly and the degree of their knowledge of aging affect their willingness to work in aged care2 and high quality care for the elderly.3 Therefore, this study takes nursing students and non-nursing students as the research object and compares them with the purpose of understanding the attitude of the elderly and the knowledge of aging knowledge about nursing students. Through the analysis of the influencing factors, this study will provide a reference for the better development of nursing education for the elderly in the future.
From February to May 2018, the researcher himself facilitated the extraction of 131 nursing students from Tianjin Medical College and 134 non-medical students from non-medical colleges (hereinafter referred to as non-nursing students), aged 18–23 years old (20.63 ± 1.17). All of them are full-time undergraduate students (61 males and 204 females), and 265 respondents volunteered to participate in the study.
The questionnaire was composed of three parts: a self-edited general information questionnaire, Kogan’s attitude toward older people (KAOP) scale, and the aging knowledge questionnaire.
The self-edited general information questionnaire included 7 items: gender, place of origin, whether he/she is an only child, and whether there is an elderly care experience, whether living with the elderly, whether he/she is taken care by their grandparents and whether to participate in volunteers activity.
The elderly attitude scale (KAOP): a translated and revised Chinese version of the attitude toward the elderly,4 which is divided into two dimensions of appreciation and prejudice, 17 entries per dimension. Using the Likert six-level scoring method, the positive entry scores were 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 points, and the negative entries are scored in reverse order. A score of 136 points indicates a neutral attitude, a score of >136 points indicates a positive attitude, and a higher score indicates a more positive attitude. The total Cronbach’s α coefficient of the scale is 0.848, the Cronbach’s α coefficient of the appreciation dimension is 0.816, and the Cronbach’s α coefficient of the bias dimension is 0.814.5
The aging knowledge questionnaire: the revised Chinese version of the aging knowledge questionnaire was translated on the senological knowledge test scale (FAQI) compiled by Palmore in 1977. The content involves the knowledge of physiological, psychological, and social aspects of the elderly. There are 25 items. Use the three options “right, wrong, and unknown” to score, of which the correct answer to the odd number is “wrong”, 1 points and 0 points for other options; the correct answer to the even number question is “right”, 1 points, and the other options are 0 points. Score ranges from 0 to 25 points, the higher the score, the higher the level of aging knowledge. The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.714, with good reliability and validity.5
Before the investigation, the researcher explained the purpose and method of the survey to the respondents, and explained the filling methods and matters needing attention of the questionnaire. The anonymous method was used to fill in, and the researcher was handed out on the spot and recovered on the spot. A total of 280 questionnaires were distributed and 265 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective recovery rate of 94.64%.
The SPSS19.0 software was used to record and analyze the recovery data, and measurement data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (M ± SD). The count data are expressed by frequency and percentage, and the data were analyzed by independent sample
There was a statistically significant difference in the scores of attitude bias in the elderly with the experience of the elderly (
There is a significant difference in the score of aging knowledge for the students who have the experience
Comparison of attitudes of students with different demographic characteristics and life experiences on the elderly
| Variables | Appreciate | Prejudice | Total score | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 61 | 77.65 ± 11.13 | 80.78 ± 8.53 | 158.44 ± 17.62 |
| Female | 204 | 78.08 ± 12.66 | 81.72 ± 9.21 | 159.81 ± 17.62 | |
| −0.24 | −0.71 | −0.53 | |||
| 0.81 | 0.47 | 0.59 | |||
| Source | City | 119 | 79.42 ± 10.80 | 80.89 ± 9.44 | 160.32 ± 16.96 |
| Rural | 146 | 76.81 ± 13.33 | 82.00 ± 8.72 | 158.82 ± 18.13 | |
| 1.72 | −0.99 | 0.69 | |||
| 0.08 | 0.32 | 0.49 | |||
| Is there only child | Yes | 115 | 79.60 ± 11.45 | 81.26 ± 9.03 | 160.86 ± 18.02 |
| No | 150 | 76.74 ± 12.82 | 81.70 ± 9.08 | 158.44 ± 17.25 | |
| 1.88 | −0.39 | 1.11 | |||
| 0.06 | 0.69 | 0.26 | |||
| Caring for the elderly | Yes | 99 | 77.55 ± 13.65 | 82.96 ± 8.34 | 160.52 ± 18.35 |
| No | 166 | 78.24 ± 11.47 | 80.63 ± 9.36 | 158.88 ± 17.16 | |
| −0.44 | 2.04 | 0.73 | |||
| 0.65 | 0.04 | 0.46 | |||
| Living with elderly people | Yes | 103 | 77.17 ± 13.34 | 82.76 ± 8.34 | 159.94 ± 18.02 |
| No | 162 | 78.50 ± 11.61 | 80.70 ± 9.41 | 159.21 ± 17.37 | |
| −0.85 | 1.81 | 0.32 | |||
| 0.39 | 0.07 | 0.74 | |||
| Care for (outside) grandparents | Yes | 201 | 77.71 ± 12.65 | 82.19 ± 8.61 | 159.90 ± 17.51 |
| No | 64 | 78.85 ± 11.21 | 79.35 ± 10.08 | 158.21 ± 17.96 | |
| −0.64 | 2.19 | 0.66 | |||
| 0.51 | 0.02 | 0.50 | |||
| Volunteer activity | Yes | 141 | 78.00 ± 12.87 | 81.52 ± 9.64 | 159.53 ± 18.28 |
| No | 123 | 77.82 ± 11.62 | 81.50 ± 8.40 | 159.33 ± 16.88 | |
| 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.09 | |||
| 0.90 | 0.98 | 0.92 |
of caring for the elderly (
There was a significant difference in the scores of attitudes appreciation dimension between the nursing students and non-nursing students (
According to the results of a single-factor analysis, four factors, the source of the birthplace, whether he/she is the only child, whether there is an experience in caring for the elderly, and whether have you ever had (outside) grandparents care, are independent variables, and the attitude of nursing students and non-nursing students to the elderly is a dependent variable, a multivariate stepwise regression analysis was performed. The results show that there are two factors that enter the regression model (see Table 4).
Comparison of student aging knowledge scores of students with different demographic characteristics and life experiences
| Variables | M ± SD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 61 | 10.52 ± 2.93 | −0.69 | 0.49 |
| Female | 204 | 10.83 ± 3.16 | |||
| Source | City | 119 | 10.53 ± 3.31 | −1.07 | 0.28 |
| Rural | 146 | 10.95 ± 2.93 | |||
| Is there only child | Yes | 115 | 10.58 ± 3.21 | −0.84 | 0.40 |
| No | 150 | 10.90 ± 3.03 | |||
| Caring for the | Yes | 99 | 11.33 ± 2.97 | 2.31 | 0.02 |
| elderly | No | 166 | 10.42 ± 3.14 | ||
| Living with elderly | Yes | 103 | 10.83 ± 2.76 | 0.28 | 0.77 |
| people | No | 162 | 10.72 ± 3.31 | ||
| Care for (outside) | Yes | 201 | 10.78 ± 3.06 | 0.13 | 0.88 |
| grandparents | No | 64 | 10.71 ± 3.26 | ||
| Volunteer activity | Yes | 141 | 10.90 ± 3.29 | 0.81 | 0.41 |
| No | 123 | 10.59 ± 2.89 |
Comparison of scores of attitude and aging knowledge among nursing students and non-nursing students
| Variables | Profession | M ± SD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appreciate | NS | 131 | 76.32 ± 13.57 | −2.35 | 0.01 |
| N-NS | 134 | 79.83 ± 10.53 | |||
| Prejudice | NS | 131 | 81.09 ± 9.41 | −0.93 | 0.35 |
| N-NS | 134 | 82.12 ± 8.46 | |||
| Total score | NS | 131 | 157.42 ± 18.07 | −2.07 | 0.03 |
| N-NS | 134 | 161.84 ± 16.61 | |||
| Aging knowledge | NS N-NS | 131 134 | 10.71 ± 3.08 10.81 ± 3.15 | −0.25 | 0.80 |
Multiple linear regression analysis of the influence of occupational willingness of nursing students and non-nursing students
| Variables | Profession | β | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Is there an | NS | 0.919 | 3.195 | 0.024 | 0.288 | 0.774 |
| elderly experience? care | N-NS | −6.052 | 2.731 | −0.181 | −2.216 | 0.028 |
| Have you ever been | NS | −13.714 | 3.620 | −0.320 | −3.788 | 0.000 |
| cared for by your grandpa? | N-NS | −11.835 | 3.045 | −0.317 | −3.887 | 0.000 |
The attitude toward the elderly is defined as beliefs and feelings toward the elderly.6 The findings of this study show that nursing students’ attitudes toward the elderly are positively biased (157.42 ± 18.07), this is consistent with the findings of domestic and foreign researchers.7, 8, 9 The scores of non-nursing students are significantly higher than nursing students. This may be because the Chinese nation’s fine tradition of respecting the elderly and loving the old is deeply rooted in the filial piety culture of every Chinese son and daughter, and both the nursing students and the non-nursing students have received filial education in all aspects of family, school, and society. The high level of cultural literacy makes it more positive for the elderly. Sun et al.8 thought that there are differences in the explicit and implicit attitudes of nursing students toward the elderly and implicit negative stereotypes for the elderly. Yu10 believes that this is related to Chinese traditional culture and education. We need to further explore college students’ attitudes toward the elderly.
Aging knowledge is the cognition of declarative knowledge, such as the gradual decline of physiological functions, the diminishing psychological function, the transformation of social roles, and the decline of social status in the long process of human beings from maturity to aging.11 In this study, the scores of nursing students’ knowledge of aging were lower (10.71 ± 3.08), and the cognition level of aging knowledge was relatively low. It is lower than Sun et al.’s12 survey results of undergraduate nursing students in Chinese medicine colleges (15.37 ± 2.92). This shows that although the nursing students have received medical education in the courses related to geriatric nursing, they have not achieved good teaching results. The aging knowledge level of nursing students is at a low level, which is in contradiction with the large demand for aged nursing talents in China. All colleges and universities should improve their teaching programs and make correct guidance for nursing students to enter the old-age care industry.
Whether there is experience in caring for the elderly and whether they are taken care of by their grandparents when they are young are the factors that affect the attitude of the nursing students and non-nursing students. The KAOP scores of nursing students and non-nursing students who were taken care of by their grandparents during their childhood were higher than those of their parents who did not have grandparents. Due to the current social and economic development and transformation in China, the “421” family model has appeared in large numbers, and more and more children are being cared for by (outside) grandparents. The long time and companionship of grandparents and grandchildren make the relationship between grandparents and grandchildren close, thus changing the attitude of the nursing students to the elderly, which is consistent with the study of Wu.13 Cognitive development theory also believes that young people who have been cared for by their (outside) grandparents tend to make higher evaluations of older people.14 Whether there is experience in caring for the elderly, there is a difference in the KAOP effect between nursing students and non-nursing students. It is possible that the nursing students may take care of the elderly more from the elderly who are in hospital, but the elderly who take care of by the non-nursing students are mostly their own elders, so the attitude toward the elderly is more positive.
In the aging society, the degree of nursing students’ attitude to the elderly and the knowledge of aging is an important factor affecting the nursing students’ ability to go to the elderly nursing-related posts, and is also the basic condition for the nursing students to become the high-quality nursing talents for the elderly. Medical colleges should pay attention to the education of aged care for nursing students. Do not limit themselves to the care of the elderly, which may lead to a more negative attitude toward the elderly. We should pay attention to train the positive attitude of the nursing students to the elderly and the skills to communicate with the elderly. In class, we can use diversified teaching methods to enrich the case of the elderly. During probation, nursing students can contact different elderly people in different situations such as nursing homes, hospitals, communities, and families so that nursing students can go deep into the life of the elderly. It can not only find cases that are different from the straight-line development of books but also exercise the ability of aged care, understand the care needs of the elderly, and enrich the knowledge of aging. As the nursing students improve their attitudes toward the elderly and their knowledge of aging, their willingness to engage in aged care work will also increase.