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Reclaimed desert habitats favor entomopathogenic nematode and microarthropod abundance compared to ancient farmlands in the Nile Basin

Alexandros Dritsoulas
Alexandros Dritsoulas
, 
Fahiem E. El-Borai
Fahiem E. El-Borai
, 
Ibrahim E. Shehata
Ibrahim E. Shehata
, 
Mostafa M. Hammam
Mostafa M. Hammam
, 
Ramadan M. El-Ashry
Ramadan M. El-Ashry
, 
Moawad M. Mohamed
Moawad M. Mohamed
, 
Mahfouz M. Abd-Elgawad
Mahfouz M. Abd-Elgawad
 oraz 
Larry W. Duncan
Larry W. Duncan
   | 26 kwi 2021
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Data publikacji: 26 kwi 2021
Zakres stron: 1 - 13
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-047
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© 2021 Alexandros Dritsoulas et al., published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Phylogenetic relationships of ASVs identified in the genus Steinernema based on sequencing reads of the ITS-2 region as inferred by the Maximum Likelihood method and Tamura-Nei model. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. All reference sequences are indicated by the NCBI accession numbers. The reference sequences were employed to confirm the right identification of each ASV in the phylogram. C. elegans was used as a global outgroup.
Phylogenetic relationships of ASVs identified in the genus Steinernema based on sequencing reads of the ITS-2 region as inferred by the Maximum Likelihood method and Tamura-Nei model. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. All reference sequences are indicated by the NCBI accession numbers. The reference sequences were employed to confirm the right identification of each ASV in the phylogram. C. elegans was used as a global outgroup.

Figure 2:

Phylogenetic relationships of ASVs identified in the genus Heterorhabditis based on sequencing reads of the ITS_2 region as inferred by the Maximum Likelihood method and Tamura-Nei model. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. All reference sequences are indicated by the NCBI accession numbers. The reference sequences were employed to confirm the right identification of each ASV in the phylogram. C. elegans was used as a global outgroup.
Phylogenetic relationships of ASVs identified in the genus Heterorhabditis based on sequencing reads of the ITS_2 region as inferred by the Maximum Likelihood method and Tamura-Nei model. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. All reference sequences are indicated by the NCBI accession numbers. The reference sequences were employed to confirm the right identification of each ASV in the phylogram. C. elegans was used as a global outgroup.

Figure 3:

Upper view, (A) sequencing reads abundance of the 6 entomopathogenic nematode species identified in El-Beheira (samples E01:E30) and Al-Qualibiya (samples E33:E60) and (B) number of sites where EPN species detected. Relative abundances of the entomopathogenic nematode species ASVs detected by metabarcoding in El-Beheira (C), and Al-Qualibaya (D).
Upper view, (A) sequencing reads abundance of the 6 entomopathogenic nematode species identified in El-Beheira (samples E01:E30) and Al-Qualibiya (samples E33:E60) and (B) number of sites where EPN species detected. Relative abundances of the entomopathogenic nematode species ASVs detected by metabarcoding in El-Beheira (C), and Al-Qualibaya (D).

Figure 4:

Principal component analysis microarthropods family sequencing reads from samples collected in Beheira (n = 8) and Qualibiya (n = 8) (A) and Redundancy analyses depicting biplot of relationships between abiotic factors and soil microarthropods from both citrus ecoregions (B).
Principal component analysis microarthropods family sequencing reads from samples collected in Beheira (n = 8) and Qualibiya (n = 8) (A) and Redundancy analyses depicting biplot of relationships between abiotic factors and soil microarthropods from both citrus ecoregions (B).

Figure 5:

Non-parametric Spearman’s correlations ( N  = 16) between abiotic factors and those acari families with most prominent differences between the two regions (Table 3). Positive correlations are displayed in blue and negative correlations in red. Color intensity and the size of the circle are proportional to the correlation coefficients. Significant P-values are shown.
Non-parametric Spearman’s correlations ( N  = 16) between abiotic factors and those acari families with most prominent differences between the two regions (Table 3). Positive correlations are displayed in blue and negative correlations in red. Color intensity and the size of the circle are proportional to the correlation coefficients. Significant P-values are shown.

Entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacterial species previously detected in Egypt.

Nematode species/genus Authority References
Heterorhabdits spp. Poinar, 1976 Shamseldean and Abd-Elgawad, 1994; Salama and Abd-Elgawad, 2001; Abd-Elbary et al., 2012
Steinernema spp. Travassos, 1927
H. bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 Abd-Elgawad and Nguyen, 2007
H. egyptii Abd-Elgawad and Ameen, 2005 Abd-Elgawad and Ameen, 2005
H. indica Poinar, Karunakar & David, 1992 Abu-Shady et al., 2011; Abd-Elbary et al., 2012; Shehata et al., 2019
H. taysearae Shamseldean, Abou El-Sooud, Abd-Elgawad & Saleh, 1996 Shamseldean et al., 1996
H. baujardi Phan Subbotin, Nguyen & Moens, 2003 Abd El-Rahman, 2006
S. glaseri (Steiner, 1929) Wouts, Mracek, Gerdin and Bedding, 1982 Abd-Elbary et al., 2012; Abd-Elgawad et al., 2013
S. abbasi Elawad, Ahmad and Reid, 1997 Abu-Shady et al., 2011; Abd-Elbary et al., 2012
S. carpocasae (Weiser, 1955) Wouts, Mracek, Gerdin and Bedding, 1982 Abu-Shady et al., 2011; Abd-Elbary et al., 2012
S. kushidai Mamiya, 1988 Shamseldean and Atwa, 2004
S. arenarium (Artyukhovsky, 1967) Wouts, Mracek, Gerdin and Bedding, 1982 Abu-Shady et al., 2011; Abd-Elbary et al., 2012

Microarthropod families whose occurrence differ significantly in two regions ecoregions evaluated by non-parametric test Kruskal-Wallis.

Taxa Kruskal–Wallis test
Ascidae 0.0008***
Tydeidae 0.0031**
Rhodacaridae 0.0031**
Ologamasidae 0.0082**
Oehserchestidae 0.0107*
Ereynetidae 0.0273*
Eupodidae 0.0273*
Damaeidae 0.0645.
Oppiidae 0.0645.
Terpnacaridae 0.0645.
Laelapidae 0.0738.

Soil characteristics in the two regions of the citrus orchards in Egypt.

Variable Governorate Mean ± SE Min–Max Regional differences Hi
Sand % El Beheira 63.28 ± 5.21 20.8–88.8 < 0.0001*** 0.0046**
Al Qalyubia 23.39 ± 0.92 12.8–36.8
Silt % El Beheira 16.67 ± 2.7 2–44 0.0001*** 0.0028**
Al Qalyubia 35.07 ± 0.44 28–38
Clay % El Beheira 20.09 ± 2.58 9–45.2 < 0.0001*** 0.0044**
Al Qalyubia 41.61 ± 0.63 35.2–53.2
OM% El Beheira 1.81 ± 0.23 0.11–3.94 0.0038** n.s.
Al Qalyubia 2.904 ± 0.12 1.93–4.75
EC(1:5) El Beheira 0.307 ± 0.04 0.12–1.3 0.0013** 0.0326*
Al Qalyubia 0.3518 ± 0.02 0.2–0.6
pH El Beheira 7.44 ± 0.07 6.6–8 0.0068** 0.0013**
Al Qalyubia 7.04 ± 0.23 1–7.6
eISSN:
2640-396X
Język:
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