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Effects of fluopyram and azadirachtin integration with sunn hemp on nematode communities in zucchini, tomato and sweet potato in Hawaii

Philip Waisen
Philip Waisen
, 
Koon-Hui Wang
Koon-Hui Wang
, 
Jensen Uyeda
Jensen Uyeda
 oraz 
Roxana Y. Myers
Roxana Y. Myers
   | 01 sty 2021
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Data publikacji: 01 sty 2021
Zakres stron: 1 - 15
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-030
Słowa kluczowe
© 2021 Authors, published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Abundance of A) reniform and B) root-knot nematodes affected by treatments on zucchini or on tomato (C, D) in Trial I. Means (n-9) followed by the same letter(s) are not different according to Waller-Duncan k-ratio (k  =  100) t-test. Velum I = fluopyram treatment at crop planting; Velum II  =  fluopyram treatment at crop planting and 2 weeks after the planting; SH + Velum = pre-plant sunn hemp cover crop followed by fluopyram treatment at 1 month after crop planting; SH + MoltX = sunn hemp cover crop and monthly azadirachtin treatment; Control = untreated bare ground.
Abundance of A) reniform and B) root-knot nematodes affected by treatments on zucchini or on tomato (C, D) in Trial I. Means (n-9) followed by the same letter(s) are not different according to Waller-Duncan k-ratio (k  =  100) t-test. Velum I = fluopyram treatment at crop planting; Velum II  =  fluopyram treatment at crop planting and 2 weeks after the planting; SH + Velum = pre-plant sunn hemp cover crop followed by fluopyram treatment at 1 month after crop planting; SH + MoltX = sunn hemp cover crop and monthly azadirachtin treatment; Control = untreated bare ground.

Figure 2:

Abundance of A) reniform and B) root-knot nematodes on zucchini or on tomato (C, D) affected by treatments in Trial II. Means (n = 6) followed by the same letter(s) are not different according to Waller-Duncan k-ratio (k = 100) t-test. Velum I = fluopyram treatment at crop planting; Velum II = fluopyram treatment at 2 weeks after crop planting; SH + Velum = pre-plant sunn hemp cover crop followed by fluopyram treatment 4 weeks after planting; SH + MoltX = sunn hemp cover crop followed by monthly azadirachtin treatment; Control = untreated bare ground.
Abundance of A) reniform and B) root-knot nematodes on zucchini or on tomato (C, D) affected by treatments in Trial II. Means (n = 6) followed by the same letter(s) are not different according to Waller-Duncan k-ratio (k = 100) t-test. Velum I = fluopyram treatment at crop planting; Velum II = fluopyram treatment at 2 weeks after crop planting; SH + Velum = pre-plant sunn hemp cover crop followed by fluopyram treatment 4 weeks after planting; SH + MoltX = sunn hemp cover crop followed by monthly azadirachtin treatment; Control = untreated bare ground.

Figure 3:

Abundance of A) reniform and B) root-knot nematodes on sweet potato affected by treatments in Trial III. Means (n = 12) followed by the same letter(s) are not different according to Waller-Duncan k-ratio (k = 100) t-test. Velum I = fluopyram treatment at 0 and 3 months after crop planting; Velum II = fluopyram treatment at 2 weeks and 3 months after crop planting; SH + Velum = pre-plant sunn hemp cover crop followed by fluopyram at 1 and 3 months after crop planting; SH + MoltX = pre-plant sunn hemp cover crop and monthly azadirachtin treatment; Control = untreated bare ground.
Abundance of A) reniform and B) root-knot nematodes on sweet potato affected by treatments in Trial III. Means (n = 12) followed by the same letter(s) are not different according to Waller-Duncan k-ratio (k = 100) t-test. Velum I = fluopyram treatment at 0 and 3 months after crop planting; Velum II = fluopyram treatment at 2 weeks and 3 months after crop planting; SH + Velum = pre-plant sunn hemp cover crop followed by fluopyram at 1 and 3 months after crop planting; SH + MoltX = pre-plant sunn hemp cover crop and monthly azadirachtin treatment; Control = untreated bare ground.

Abundance (/250 cm3 of soil) of bacterivorous, fungivorous, and omnivorous nematodes on tomato affected by treatments in Trial II.

Treatments Bacterivores Fungivores Omnivores
Velum I 68 ± 19cz 90 ± 16b 7 ± 7bc
Velum II 110 ± 35bc 77 ± 22b 5 ± 5c
SH + Velum 702 ± 122a 563 ± 158a 35 ± 27ab
SH + MoltX 1162 ± 457a 657 ± 194a 62 ± 30a
Control 163 ± 65b 62 ± 17b 43 ± 25a

Abundance of bacterivorous, fungivorous, and omnivorous nematodes (/250 cm3 of soil) on tomato affected by treatments in Trial I.

Treatments Bacterivores Fungivores Omnivores
2 months after planting
Velum I 149 ± 54d 253 ± 61b 3 ± 3b
Velum II 393 ± 90cd 410 ± 80b 7 ± 3b
SH + Velum 2193 ± 769a 900 ± 120a 40 ± 30ab
SH + MoltX 1623 ± 613ab 1123 ± 185a 220 ± 157a
Control 587 ± 148bc 293 ± 18b 10 ± 6b
3 months after planting
Velum I 140 ± 36c 103 ±  60b 0 ± 0b
Velum II 70 ± 25d 127 ± 15b 0 ± 0b
SH + Velum 320 ± 76b 407 ± 235a 0 ± 0b
SH + MoltX 817 ± 147a 407 ± 235a 57 ± 14a
Control 370 ± 35b 180 ± 104ab 47 ± 27a

Abundance (/250 cm3 of soil) of bacterivorous, fungivorous, and omnivorous nematodes on zucchini affected by treatments in Trial II.

Bacterivores Fungivores Omnivores
Treatments 0 week 8 weeks
Velum I 40 ± 31bz 353 ± 175a 118 ± 41b 0 ± 0a
Velum II 50 ± 25b 194 ± 95a 95 ± 37b 0 ± 0a
SH + Velum 547 ± 115a 510 ± 216a 450 ± 96a 8 ± 5a
SH + MoltX 470 ± 118a 547 ± 235a 553 ± 113a 13 ± 6a
Control 53 ± 15b 633 ± 111a 87 ± 47b 18 ± 13a

Chlorophyll content, canopy width, fruit number, and Meloidogyne-induced root-gall index on zucchini and tomato affected by treatments in Trials I and II.

Treatment Chlorophyll content (SPAD) Canopy width (cm) Root weight (g) Fruit no./plant Root-gall index (0-10 scale)
(Trial) I II I II I II I II I II
Zucchini
Velum I 36 ± 1bcz 47 ± 2a 87 ± 7b 114 ± 5c 89 ± 12b 35 ± 4b 50 ± 3bc 7 ± 1ab 3 ± 1a 2 ± 0c
Velum II 37 ± 1b 46 ± 1a 89 ± 8b 118 ± 6bc 102 ± 27ab 31 ± 4b 40 ± 5c 5 ± 1bc 3 ± 1a 2 ± 1bc
SH + Velum 44 ± 1a 47 ± 1a 117 ± 4a 134 ± 3a 155 ± 12a 49 ± 4a 72 ± 3a 10 ± 1a 4 ± 1a 3 ± 1b
SH + MoltX 42 ± 2a 45 ± 1a 109 ± 6a 127 ± 6ab 124 ± 19ab 39 ± 4ab 54 ± 5b 6 ± 1bc 4 ± 2a 5 ± 2a
Control 34 ± 2c 44 ± 1a 69 ± 10c 98 ± 6d 71 ± 40b 35 ± 4b 20 ± 11d 3 ± 1c 7 ± 0a 5 ± 2a
Tomato
Chlorophyll content (SPAD) Canopy width (cm) Root weight (g) Fruit weight g/plot Root-gall index (0-10 scale)
Velum I – 44 ± 1a – – 110 ± 10bc 53 ± 9a 3525 ± 717a 123 ± 50a 4 ± 1b 2 ± 1c
Velum II – 43 ± 1ab – – 95 ± 21c 76 ± 17a 1074 ± 471c 101 ± 29a 3 ± 1b 4 ± 1b
SH + Velum – 45 ± 1a – – 92 ± 3c 87 ± 22a 1995 ± 258b 86 ± 32a 2 ± 1b 6 ± 1ab
SH + MoltX – 40 ± 1b – – 153 ± 11ab 64 ± 19a 3460 ± 80a 105 ± 45a 6 ± 0ab 7 ± 1a
Control – 43 ± 2ab – – 164 ± 26a 77 ± 17a 1625 ± 604b 112 ± 65a 8 ± 0a 8 ± 0a

Abundance (/250 cm3 of soil) of bacterivorous, fungivorous, and omnivorous nematodes on zucchini affected by treatments Trial I.

Treatments Bacterivores Fungivores Omnivores
Velum I 614 ± 178bz 392 ± 226c 21 ± 18a
Velum II 827 ± 489b 360 ± 208c 30 ± 21a
SH + Velum 1203 ± 217a 722 ± 417ab 23 ± 16a
SH + MoltX 1538 ± 682a 844 ± 488a 40 ± 28a
Control 871 ± 195ab 416 ± 150bc 23 ± 13a

Abundance (/250 cm3 of soil) of bacterivorous nematodes on sweet potato affected by treatments in Trial III.

Bacterivores
Treatments 0 week 2 months 3 months 7 months Fungivores Omnivores
Velum I 270 ± 91abz 313 ± 55c 137 ± 47bc 43 ± 20b 83 ± 29b 1 ± 1c
Velum II 310 ± 95ab 690 ± 316bc 117 ± 47c 70 ± 12b 113 ± 32b 4 ± 4c
SH + Velum 617 ± 292ab 723 ± 20ab 293 ± 48abc 280 ± 86a 693 ± 339a 6 ± 3bc
SH + MoltX 820 ± 354a 1520 ± 525a 803 ± 158a 563 ± 206a 460 ± 207a 23 ± 8a
Control 150 ± 111b 1223 ± 308a 350 ± 66ab 390 ± 83a 57 ± 12b 19 ± 8ab

Fluopyram and azadirachtin chemigation schedules for Trials I, II, and III.

Chemigation schedule
Trial I (2017) Trial II (2018) Trial III (2019)
Treatments Zucchini and tomato Zucchini and tomato Sweet potato
Velum I At planting At planting At planting and 3 months post-planting
Velum II At planting and 2 weeks post-planting At 2 weeks post-planting At 2 weeks and 3 months post-planting
SH + Velum At 4 weeks post-planting At 4 weeks post-planting At 1 and 3 month(s) post-planting
SH + MoltX At monthly interval At monthly interval At monthly interval
Control Untreated bare ground Untreated bare ground Untreated bare ground

Marketable and unmarketable sweet potato root number and weight affected by treatments in Trial III.

Marketable Unmarketable
Treatment Number Weight (kg) Number Weight (kg)
Velum I 2 ± 0az 0.7 ± 0.2a 2 ± 1a 0.4 ± 0.1a
Velum II 2 ± 0a 0.8 ± 0.4a 2 ± 1a 0.3 ± 0.1a
SH + Velum 3 ± 1a 1.0 ± 0.3a 3 ± 1a 0.7 ± 0.2a
SH + MoltX 1 ± 0b 0.2 ±  0.1a 2 ± 0a 0.7 ±  0.3a
Control 0 ± 0b 0.1 ± 0.1b 2 ± 0a 0.5 ±  0.1a
eISSN:
2640-396X
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
Volume Open
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Life Sciences, other
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