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Nematodes and the effect of seasonality in grassland habitats of South Africa

Chantelle Girgan
Chantelle Girgan
, 
Gerhard du Preez
Gerhard du Preez
, 
Mariette Marais
Mariette Marais
, 
Antoinette Swart
Antoinette Swart
 oraz 
Hendrika Fourie
Hendrika Fourie
   | 14 gru 2020
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Data publikacji: 14 gru 2020
Zakres stron: 1 - 22
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-118
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© 2020 Chantelle Girgan et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Satellite image of Telperion Nature Reserve (South Africa) indicating the sampling locations associated with the open grassland, shrubland with rocky outcrops and riparian zone habitats.
Satellite image of Telperion Nature Reserve (South Africa) indicating the sampling locations associated with the open grassland, shrubland with rocky outcrops and riparian zone habitats.

Figure 2:

The (A) total rainfall and (B) temperature (mean, minimum, and maximum) for the 90 days prior to each sampling event at Telperion Nature Reserve (South Africa).
The (A) total rainfall and (B) temperature (mean, minimum, and maximum) for the 90 days prior to each sampling event at Telperion Nature Reserve (South Africa).

Figure 3:

Rarefaction curves illustrate the sample-based observed (solid line) and extrapolated (dotted line) Mau Tau richness of nematode genera at the open grassland (OG), shrubland with rocky outcrops (SRO), and riparian zone (RZ) habitats in Telperion Nature Reserve (South Africa). The shaded bands represent the 95% confidence intervals.
Rarefaction curves illustrate the sample-based observed (solid line) and extrapolated (dotted line) Mau Tau richness of nematode genera at the open grassland (OG), shrubland with rocky outcrops (SRO), and riparian zone (RZ) habitats in Telperion Nature Reserve (South Africa). The shaded bands represent the 95% confidence intervals.

Figure 4:

Log10(x + 1)-transformed nematode abundances (mean, minimum, and maximum) per trophic group at the open grassland (OG), shrubland with rocky outcrops (SRO), and riparian zone (RZ) habitats in Telperion Nature Reserve (South Africa). Bars with common superscript do not differ significantly (p > 0.05).
Log10(x + 1)-transformed nematode abundances (mean, minimum, and maximum) per trophic group at the open grassland (OG), shrubland with rocky outcrops (SRO), and riparian zone (RZ) habitats in Telperion Nature Reserve (South Africa). Bars with common superscript do not differ significantly (p > 0.05).

Figure 5:

Maturity index 2-5 violin plot of values recorded during the studied seasons at the open grassland (OG), shrubland with rocky outcrops (SRO), and riparian zone (RZ) habitats in Telperion Nature Reserve (South Africa). The bold line within each plot indicates the median value, dashed lines are quartiles, minimum, and maximum are the bounds of the plot and data distribution is shown by plot shape outline.
Maturity index 2-5 violin plot of values recorded during the studied seasons at the open grassland (OG), shrubland with rocky outcrops (SRO), and riparian zone (RZ) habitats in Telperion Nature Reserve (South Africa). The bold line within each plot indicates the median value, dashed lines are quartiles, minimum, and maximum are the bounds of the plot and data distribution is shown by plot shape outline.

Figure 6:

Nematode faunal analysis indicating the food web status during the studied seasons at the open grassland (green), shrubland with rocky outcrops (orange), and riparian zone (blue) habitats in Telperion Nature Reserve (South Africa). Winter and Spring seasonal clusters are circled.
Nematode faunal analysis indicating the food web status during the studied seasons at the open grassland (green), shrubland with rocky outcrops (orange), and riparian zone (blue) habitats in Telperion Nature Reserve (South Africa). Winter and Spring seasonal clusters are circled.

Figure 7:

Redundancy analysis of the relationship between the response (nematode-based indices) and explanatory variables (factors: seasons and habitats; numeric variables: soil texture and total organic carbon). Measurements were taken during four consecutive seasons at open grassland (OG), shrubland with rocky outcrops (SRO), and riparian zone (RZ) habitats in Telperion Nature Reserve (South Africa).
Redundancy analysis of the relationship between the response (nematode-based indices) and explanatory variables (factors: seasons and habitats; numeric variables: soil texture and total organic carbon). Measurements were taken during four consecutive seasons at open grassland (OG), shrubland with rocky outcrops (SRO), and riparian zone (RZ) habitats in Telperion Nature Reserve (South Africa).

Occurrence and abundance of bacterivores in 250 cm3 soil samples obtained from open grassland, shrubland with rocky outcrops and riparian zone sites in the Telperion Nature Reserve (Mpumalanga province, South Africa) as part of an ecological study that was conducted over four seasons from 2015 to 2016.

Open grassland Shrubland with rocky outcrops Riparian zone
Family (functional guild) Genus or Family Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Alaimidae (Ba4) Alaimus 98.64 ± 91.33 17.73 ± 19.15 2.27 ± 11.07 12.73 ± 19.02 92.00 ± 57.07 21.50 ± 22.74 18.50 ± 22.61 57.50 ± 63.56 10.00 ± 14.14 22.00 ± 49.19 1.00 ± 2.24 0
Amphidelus 0 0 0 0 0 0.51 ± 1.58 5.50 ± 7.62 5.00 ± 11.55 0 0 0 1.00 ± 2.24
Aphanolaimidae (Ba3) Aphanolaimus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.00 ± 2.24 0 0 0
Cephalobidae (Ba2) Cephalobidaea 0 13.18 ± 18.07 87.73 ± 192.33 113.64 ± 198.92 0 19.00 ± 45.26 32.00 ± 38.82 36.50 ± 45.03 0 0 3.00 ± 2.74 10.00 ± 14.14
Acrobeles 122.27 ± 112.48 69.09 ± 103.46 36.82 ± 55.51 160.45 ± 192.57 51.50 ± 69.76 52.50 ± 123.52 18.00 ± 39.24 24.50 ± 36.40 3.00 ± 6.71 47.00 ± 64.58 32.00 ± 54.15 13.00 ± 16.43
Acrobeloides 60.45 ± 41.44 20.45 ± 21.62 25.00 ± 53.06 23.64 ± 23.67 24.00 ± 43.83 66.50 ± 152.19 43.00 ± 103.98 21.50 ± 39.86 25.00 ± 30.00 52.00 ± 52.51 62.00 ± 107.62 63.00 ± 105.69
Cephalobus 3.18 ± 9.02 42.27 ± 59.22 54.09 ± 47.21 97.73 ± 171.37 18.00 ± 50.01 64.50 ± 118.75 116.00 ± 272.01 63.50 ± 76.52 0 75.00 ± 148.66 58.00 ± 57.07 26.00 ± 28.59
Cervidellus 0 8.64 ± 15.51 7.27 ± 15.55 7.73 ± 10.09 0 8.00 ± 15.67 3.50 ± 5.30 4.50 ± 6.43 0 50.00 ± 111.80 1.00 ± 2.24 5.00 ± 8.66
Chiloplacus 20.45 ± 22.52 4.09 ± 6.25 3.18 ± 10.55 0.91 ± 3.02 13.00 ± 15.49 13.50 ± 17.49 2.00 ± 6.32 16.00 ± 44.02 60.00 ± 128.65 4.00 ± 8.94 1.00 ± 2.24 0
Eucephalobus 0 0.91 ± 3.02 1.82 ± 4.62 0 0 121.00 ± 380.88 8.50 ± 16.34 5.50 ± 11.17 0 9.00 ± 20.12 167.00 ± 365.10 40.00 ± 61.64
Heterocephalo-bellus 0 0 0 0.45 ± 1.51 0 0 0 0.50 ± 1.58 0 0 0 0
Seleborca 53.64 ± 90.11 57.73 ± 84.42 89.55 ± 186.83 57.73 ± 71.39 8.00 ± 22.01 18.50 ± 46.19 7.50 ± 6.35 14.50 ± 16.24 0 17.00 ± 30.33 6.00 ± 10.84 1.00 ± 2.24
Zeldia 28.18 ± 32.96 35.45 ± 77.05 2.73 ± 5.18 13.18 ± 16.17 6.00 ± 7.38 8.00 ± 12.74 8.50 ± 13.75 4.00 ± 6.58 3.00 ± 6.71 22.00 ± 49.19 2.00 ± 4.47 4.00 ± 8.94
Chromadoridae (Ba3) Punctodora 0 0 0 0 0 1.00 ± 3.16 0 0 9.00 ± 12.45 0 0 0
Chronogasteridae (Ba3) Chronogaster 0 0 0 0.45 ± 1.51 0.50 ± 1.58 0 2.00 ± 4.83 0.50 ± 1.58 279.00 ± 509.20 12.00 ± 14.40 95.00 ± 212.43 28.00 ± 57.18
Cyatholaimidae (Ba4) Achromadora 0 0 4.55 ± 15.08 0 0 0 0 0 9.00 ± 15.17 2.00 ± 2.74 18.00 ± 40.25 0
Diplogasteridae (Ba1) Butlerius 0 0 0 0 1.50 ± 3.37 4.50 ± 14.23 0 0 3.00 ± 6.71 2.00 ± 4.47 0 0
Diplogasteroididae (Ba1) Diplogasteroididaea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.00 ± 31.30 1.00 ± 2.24
Elaphonematidae (Ba3) Elaphonema 8.64 ± 17.76 1.82 ± 4.62 8.64 ± 15.51 12.73 ± 42.21 6.50 ± 11.56 0 7.00 ± 22.14 1.50 ± 3.37 0 0 0 0
Mesorhabditidae (Ba1) Mesorhabditis 0 3.18 ± 10.55 0 8.18 ± 27.14 0 12.50 ± 32.68 1.50 ± 3.37 2.00 ± 6.32 0 14.00 ± 21.91 2.00 ± 4.47 0
Metateratocepha-lidae (Ba3) Euteratocephalus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 ± 8.66 0 0 0
Monhysteridae (Ba2) Monhystera 1.82 ± 6.03 0 0 0 2.50 ± 4.86 2.00 ± 6.32 0 0 8.00 ± 13.04 4.00 ± 6.52 3.00 ± 4.47 6.00 ± 10.84
Monhystrella 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 2.00 ± 4.47
Neodiplogastridae (Ba1) Fictor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.50 ± 1.58 2.00 ± 4.47 0 0 0
Koerneria 0 0 0 0 2.00 ± 6.32 0 0 0 0 1.00 ± 2.24 3.00 ± 6.71 0
Odontolaimidae (Ba3) Odontolaimus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.00 ± 4.47 0 0 0
Osstellidae (Ba2) Drilocephalobus 0 0 18.18 ± 50.71 37.73 ± 71.46 0 0 3.50 ± 4.74 12.00 ± 14.57 0 0 0 1.00 ± 2.24
Panagrolaimidae (Ba1) Panagrolaimus 26.36 ± 25.31 15.00 ± 23.02 0.91 ± 3.02 17.27 ± 35.31 17.50 ± 14.19 17.50 ± 39.32 12.50 ± 23.83 4.00 ± 7.38 39.00 ± 39.12 15.00 ± 21.21 19.00 ± 21.33 6.00 ± 6.52
Plectidae (Ba2) Anaplectus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.50 ± 1.58 0 0 0 0
Ceratoplectus 0 0 0 0.91 ± 2.02 10.50 ± 33.20 4.50 ± 11.17 2.50 ± 7.91 11.00 ± 25.03 0 2.00 ± 4.47 0 0
Plectus 5.45 ± 12.34 0 0 0 4.00 ± 12.65 0 1.50 ± 2.42 3.50 ± 11.07 4.00 ± 4.18 1.00 ± 2.24 2.00 ± 4.47 1.00 ± 2.24
Wilsonema 3.18 ± 7.83 0.45 ± 1.51 0 1.36 ± 2.34 6.50 ± 10.55 1.50 ± 2.42 2.50 ± 5.40 6.50 ± 17.17 0 6.00 ± 13.42 1.00 ± 2.24 1.00 ± 2.24
Prismatolaimidae (Ba3) Prismatolaimus 0.91 ± 2.02 0.91 ± 2.02 0.91 ± 3.02 3.18 ± 10.55 6.50 ± 11.80 7.00 ± 11.35 7.50 ± 13.99 7.00 ± 12.52 3.00 ± 2.74 5.00 ± 11.18 6.00 ± 13.42 3.00 ± 4.47
Rhabditidae (Ba1) Cruznema 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.50 ± 1.58 0 0 0 0
Rhabditidaea 0.45 ± 1.51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rhabditis 1.36 ± 3.23 2.27 ± 4.67 0 3.18 ± 5.13 18.00 ± 31.55 12.50 ± 34.42 2.00 ± 4.22 5.00 ± 11.55 7.00 ± 13.04 6.00 ± 8.94 0 0
Rhabdolaimidae (Ba3) Rhabdolaimus 0 0 0.45 ± 1.51 0 0 0 0.50 ± 1.58 0 0 0 0 0
Teratocephalidae (Ba3) Teratocephalus 0.45 ± 1.51 0.45 ± 1.51 0 0 0 4.00 ± 11.01 0 0 4.00 ± 6.52 0 0 0
Total bacterivores 435.45 ± 275.30 293.64 ± 291.33 349.09 ± 507.99 573.18 ± 517.51 288.50 ± 147.82 460.50 ± 719.66 306.00 ± 435.38 308.00 ± 126.34 476.00 ± 506.13 368.00 ± 364.02 496.00 ± 603.15 212.00 ± 129.79

Occurrence and abundance of omnivores in 250 cm3 soil samples obtained from open grassland, shrubland with rocky outcrops and riparian zone sites in the Telperion Nature Reserve (Mpumalanga province, South Africa) as part of an ecological study that was conducted over four seasons from 2015 to 2016.

Open grassland Shrubland with rocky outcrops Riparian zone
Family Genus or Family Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Dorylaimidae (Om4) Dorylaimidaea 55.91 ± 22.89 20.45 ± 23.07 11.36 ± 19.25 17.27 ± 21.14 49.00 ± 29.23 14.00 ± 14.10 17.50 ± 29.65 16.00 ± 16.96 15.00 ± 12.75 15.00 ± 14.14 6.00 ± 6.52 18.00 ± 40.25
Dorylaimus 0.45 ± 1.51 0.45 ± 1.51 0 0 0.50 ± 1.58 0 1.00 ± 3.16 0 3.00 ± 6.71 0 0 0
Mesodorylaimus 0 0 0 0 3.00 ± 9.49 1.50 ± 4.74 0 2.50 ± 7.91 1.00 ± 2.24 3.00 ± 4.47 1.00 ± 2.24 2.00 ± 4.47
Tylencholaimidae (Om4) Discomyctus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.00 ± 13.42
Mydonomidae (Om4) Dorylaimoides 0.91 ± 3.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total omnivores 57.27 ± 23.60 20.91 ± 23.00 11.36 ± 19.25 17.27 ± 21.14 52.50 ± 31.38 15.50 ± 14.990 18.50 ± 29.160 18.50 ± 20.010 19.00 ± 9.62 18.00 ± 16.81 7.00 ± 5.70 26.00 ± 52.73

Metabolic footprints calculated from 250 cm3 soil samples obtained from riparian zone, shrubland with rocky outcrops and open grassland sites in the Telperion Nature Reserve (Mpumalanga province, South Africa) as part of an ecological study that was conducted over four seasons from 2015 to 2016.

Open grassland (OG) Shrubland with rocky outcrops (SRO) Riparian zone (RZ)
Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Herbivore footprint 120 ± 70 118 ± 119 53 ± 63 168 ± 265 682 ± 1,326 116 ± 111 124 ± 117 116.11 ± 134 97 ± 81 683 ± 1,300 331 ± 326 289 ± 434
Bacterivore footprint 84 ± 49 56 ± 62 50 ± 74 99 ± 87 85 ± 63 91 ± 156 47 ± 52 57.21 ± 30 89 ± 62 66 ± 58 65 ± 67 29 ± 12
Fungivore footprint 14 ± 11 23 ± 26 25 ± 39 9 ± 7 11 ± 6 34 ± 60 23 ± 23 17.56 ± 22 4 ± 4 16 ± 18 49 ± 58 37 ± 55
Omnivore footprint 179 ± 97 103 ± 110 89 ± 94 91 ± 155 123 ± 67 78 ± 69 102 ± 124 58 ± 50 63 ± 34 54 ± 53 89 ± 150 241 ± 477
Predator footprint 12 ± 11 3 ± 4 6 ± 10 11 ± 11 31 ± 26 7 ± 9 7 ± 8 8 ± 8 15 ± 14 4 ± 3 22 ± 42 15 ± 13
Enrichment footprint 16 ± 8 30 ± 40 19 ± 38 21 ± 18 46 ± 65 68 ± 147 24 ± 21 23.46 ± 25 28 ± 26 35 ± 34 51 ± 44 33 ± 55
Structure footprint 217 ± 109 114 ± 112 103 ± 94 107 ± 153 178 ± 62 91 ± 78 122 ± 140 86 ± 62 123 ± 47 66 ± 61 132 ± 140 266 ± 481

Occurrence and abundance of herbivores in 250 cm3 soil samples obtained from open grassland, shrubland with rocky outcrops and riparian zone sites in the Telperion Nature Reserve (Mpumalanga province, South Africa) as part of an ecological study that was conducted over four seasons from 2015 to 2016.

Open grassland Shrubland with rocky outcrops Riparian zone
Family Genus or Family Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Anguinidae (He1) Subanguina 1.36 ± 4.52 0 2.73 ± 9.05 0.45 ± 1.51 0 0 0 0 0 1.00 ± 2.24 0 1.00 ± 2.24
Belondiridae (He5) Axonchium 0.91  ±  3.02 3.64 ± 4.52 0 0.91 ± 3.02 0 5.00 ± 12.69 3.00 ± 7.89 0.50 ± 1.58 0 0 1.00 ± 2.24 0
Belonolaimidae (He3) Tylenchorhynchus 1.82 ± 6.03 0 0 30.91 ± 65.91 18.00 ± 56.92 0.50 ± 1.58 25.00 ± 36.82 8.00 ± 13.98 0 0 0 0
Criconematidae (He3) Criconematidaea 1.82 ± 4.62 5.00 ± 13.42 0.91 ± 3.02 0.91 ± 3.02 3.00 ± 3.50 3.00 ± 6.32 1.00 ± 3.16 4.50 ± 9.56 1.00 ± 2.24 0 1.00 ± 2.24 0
Criconema 0.91 ± 3.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.00 ± 4.47
Criconemoides 6.36 ± 15.67 10.45 ± 17.24 7.27 ± 11.91 8.18 ± 22.39 0.50 ± 1.58 9.00 ± 21.19 5.00 ± 14.14 0 5.00 ± 11.18 5.00 ± 11.18 1.00 ± 2.24 0
Hemicriconemoides 0 1.82 ± 6.03 0 0 0 1.00 ± 3.16 0 0 0 1.00 ± 2.24 0 0
Hemicycliophora 5.91 ± 19.60 2.27 ± 7.54 0.45 ± 1.51 1.82 ± 6.03 1.50 ± 4.74 0.50 ± 1.58 0 1.00 ± 3.16 165.00 ± 301.58 13.00 ± 29.07 69.00 ± 154.29 1.00 ± 2.24
Dorylaimellidae (He5) Dorylaimellus 58.18 ± 98.82 6.36 ± 13.80 8.64 ± 18.04 11.36 ± 31.23 21.50 ± 25.28 12.50 ± 20.85 8.50 ± 16.51 12.00 ± 25.19 0 5.00 ± 11.18 1.00 ± 2.24 55.00 ± 122.98
Heteroderidae (He3) Meloidogyne 4.09 ± 10.68 2.27 ± 7.54 1.82 ± 4.05 25.45 ± 71.40 154.50 ± 350.55 13.00 ± 19.32 11.50 ± 16.67 8.00 ± 17.03 0 162.00 ± 342.90 45.00 ± 81.70 54.00 ± 120.98
Hoplolaimidae (He3) Hoplolaimidaea 6.36 ± 10.51 7.27 ± 16.94 0 2.27 ± 4.10 15.50 ± 26.29 14.00 ± 26.01 10.50 ± 31.49 0 2.00 ± 4.47 0 1.00 ± 2.24 0
Helicotylenchus 38.64 ± 43.25 139.09 ± 246.41 42.27 ± 112.37 40.45 ± 64.67 52.00 ± 82.27 67.50 ± 102.29 31.50 ± 57.40 61.50 ± 12.83 6.00 ± 13.42 83.00 ± 185.59 3.00 ± 6.71 73.00 ± 139.45
Rotylenchulus 34.55 ± 71.57 50.91 ± 128.78 31.82 ± 47.29 55.91 ± 125.89 34.50 ± 92.87 46.00 ± 143.72 53.00 ± 139.92 96.00 ± 275.77 2.00 ± 4.47 28.00 ± 59.85 3.00 ± 6.71 1.00 ± 2.24
Rotylenchus 29.55 ± 42.51 21.36 ± 38.61 0 16.36 ± 22.59 18.50 ± 35.04 5.50 ± 11.65 0.50 ± 1.58 7.00 ± 10.59 15.00 ± 28.28 0 0 8.00 ± 7.89
Scutellonema 110.45 ± 131.25 172.73 ± 231.38 38.64 ± 71.91 35.45 ± 36.77 44.00 ± 51.47 64.00 ± 92.04 131.00 ± 343.24 21.00 ± 23.78 19.00 ± 26.55 40.00 ± 58.74 35.00 ± 57.77 137.00 ± 275.83
Leptonchidae (He4) Xiphinemella 6.82 ± 22.61 0 1.36 ± 3.23 5.45 ± 9.34 4.50 ± 14.23 2.50 ± 7.91 0.50 ± 1.58 5.50 ± 12.57 0 0 1.00 ± 2.24 2.00 ± 4.47
Longidoridae (He5) Longidorus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.00 ± 6.71 0 0
Xiphinema 6.82 ± 13.65 2.27 ± 4.10 7.27 ± 10.81 5.91 ± 10.68 20.22 ± 31.09 3.00 ± 5.37 11.50 ± 16.17 11.00 ± 16.96 3.00 ± 4.47 2.00 ± 2.74 6.00 ± 13.42 1.00 ± 2.24
Pratylenchidae (He3) Pratylenchus 10.45 ± 19.42 22.73 ± 44.74 2.27 ± 3.44 5.91 ± 13.38 27.00 ± 34.50 16.00 ± 35.81 15.50 ± 29.67 5.50 ± 10.66 0 0 0 0
Psilenchidae (He2) Psilenchus 0.91 ± 2.02 0 0 0 0 0 3.00 ± 9.49 0 31.00 ± 69.32 7.00 ± 15.65 15.00 ± 33.54 0
Trichodoridae (He4) Nanidorus 0 2.73 ± 9.05 0 0 0 2.50 ± 5.40 1.50 ± 4.74 0.50 ± 1.58 5.00 ± 7.07 18.00 ± 28.42 313.00 ± 683.17 28.00 ± 49.32
Paratrichodorus 0 0 0 0 2.00 ± 6.32 0 0 0 0 6.00 ± 13.42 0 0
Trichodoridaea 0 0.45 ± 1.51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Trichodorus 0 0 0 0 0 0.50 ± 1.58 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tylenchidae (He2) Filenchus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41.00 ± 80.96 0 0
Coslenchus 0 2.73 ± 9.05 0.45 ± 1.51 0 0 0.50 ± 1.58 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tylenchidaea 0.45 ± 1.51 1.36 ± 3.23 0 0 0 2.50 ± 7.91 0 0.50 ± 1.58 1.00 ± 2.24 16.00 ± 30.50 0 0
Tylenchus 77.73 ± 73.33 33.64 ± 40.38 15.91 ± 36.53 21.82 ± 24.21 121.50 ± 65.75 18.00 ± 18.59 14.00 ± 11.01 26.00 ± 27.37 139.00 ± 144.80 85.00 ± 100.93 246.00 ± 222.64 189.00 ± 263.71
Tylencholaimidae (He4) Chitwoodius 0 0 0 0.45 ± 1.51 0.50 ± 1.58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tylenchulidae (He3) Meloidoderita 3.64 ± 12.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tylenchulus 0 0 0.45 ± 1.51 0 0 2.00 ± 6.32 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total herbivores 407.73 ± 194.43 489.09 ± 476.05 162.27 ± 214.97 270.00 ± 206.95 539.00 ± 383.70 289.00 ± 240.71 326.50 ± 363.48 268.50 ± 289.86 394.00 ± 353.77 516.00 ± 496.61 741.00 ± 922.38 552.00 ± 734.72

Investigated soil properties measured at the open grassland, shrubland with rocky outcrops and riparian zone habitats in the Telperion Nature Reserve (Mpumalanga province, South Africa).

Habitat Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Organic carbon (%)
Open grassland 91.77  ±  3.03 3.75  ±  2.33 4.47  ±  0.94 0.78  ±  0.24
Shrubland with rocky outcrops 86.45  ±  4.44 6.99  ±  3.13 6.54  ±  2.08 1.65  ±  0.84
Riparian zone 86.48  ±  7.18 8.18  ±  5.16 5.33  ±  2.24 1.59  ±  1.26

Occurrence and abundance of fungivores in 250 cm3 soil samples obtained from open grassland, shrubland with rocky outcrops and riparian zone sites in the Telperion Nature Reserve (Mpumalanga province, South Africa) as part of an ecological study that was conducted over four seasons from 2015 to 2016.

Open grassland Shrubland with rocky outcrops Riparian zone
Family Genus or Family Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Anguinidae (Fu2) Ditylenchus 8.64 ± 13.98 29.55 ± 40.28 28.18 ± 33.86 10.91 ± 13.75 1.50 ± 4.74 20.50 ± 38.18 19.00 ± 19.97 23.50 ± 30.56 0 25.00 ± 34.64 130.00 ± 144.27 110.00 ± 186.38
Aphelenchidae (Fu2) Aphelenchus 15.91 ± 16.71 133.18 ± 190.56 86.36 ± 246.80 24.55 ± 35.67 12.50 ± 13.59 51.50 ± 63.20 80.00 ± 161.57 9.00 ± 9.66 0 19.00 ± 26.08 72.00 ± 102.02 68.00 ± 141.01
Aphelenchoididae (Fu2) Aphelenchoides 8.64 ± 15.34 10.45 ± 15.72 21.36 ± 61.08 5.91 ± 7.01 13.00 ± 23.12 284.50 ± 887.40 16.00 ± 30.26 4.00 ± 6.58 15.00 ± 23.98 13.00 ± 13.04 21.00 ± 20.74 12.00 ± 21.39
Diphtherophoridae (Fu3) Diphtherophora 23.18 ± 22.28 8.64 ± 13.62 5.00 ± 7.42 0.91 ± 2.02 24.00 ± 19.55 3.00 ± 6.32 23.50 ± 67.37 32.50 ± 86.35 9.00 ± 15.17 6.00 ± 13.42 34.00 ± 73.26 32.00 ± 35.81
Leptonchidae (Fu4) Leptonchus 0 1.36 ± 3.23 0.91 ± 3.02 0.91 ± 3.02 0 1.00 ± 2.11 0 0.50 ± 1.58 0 1.00 ± 2.24 0 0
Proleptonchus 0 0 3.18 ± 10.55 0 0 0 0 0.50  ± 1.58 0 0 0 0
Neotylenchidae (Fu2) Neotylenchidaea 5.91 ± 10.20 3.64 ± 5.05 8.64 ± 15.02 10.00 ± 13.04 5.00 ± 15.81 11.50 ± 20.15 12.50 ± 18.45 18.50 ± 19.87 0 17.00 ± 28.20 23.00 ± 51.43 10.00 ± 17.32
Paraphelenchidae (Fu2) Paraphelenchus 0 0 0 0 2.00 ± 6.32 0 0 0 1.00 ± 2.24 0 9.00 ± 20.12 0
Tylencholaimellidae (Fu4) Tylencholaimellus 6.36 ± 11.85 0 0.45 ± 1.51 0.45 ± 1.15 3.50 ± 8.18 0.50 ± 1.58 2.00 ± 6.32 0 0 0 0 1.00 ± 2.24
Tylencholaimidae (Fu4) Tylencholaimidaea 2.73  ± 9.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.00 ± 2.24 0 0 0
Tylencholaimus 7.27 ± 24.12 1.82 ± 4.05 24.09 ± 65.83 1.36 ± 4.52 7.00 ± 14.76 0 9.00 ± 28.46 0 2.00 ± 4.47 0 8.00 ± 15.25 0
Total fungivores 78.64 ± 54.13 188.64 ± 229.54 178.18 ± 342.99 55.00 ± 41.23 68.50 ± 35.83 372.50 ± 863.64 162.00 ± 179.20 88.50 ± 120.21 28.00 ± 22.53 81.00 ± 93.10 297.00 ± 341.31 233.00 ± 360.60

Mixed linear models reveal the effect (singularly and interactively) of the independent variables, season and habitat, on the calculated nematode-specific indices.

Variable Source F ratio p value Variable Source F ratio p value
Maturity index 2–5 Habitat 3.66 0.04 Bacterivore footprint Habitat 0.04 0.96
Season 14.73 <0.001 Season 2.46 0.07
Habitat × Season 0.42 0.86 Habitat × Season 0.58 0.75
Channel index Habitat 2.49 0.11 Fungivore footprint Habitat 0.35 0.71
Season 11.67 <0.001 Season 1.52 0.22
Habitat × Season 1.38 0.24 Habitat × Season 1.01 0.42
Basal index Habitat 4.96 0.01 Omnivore footprint Habitat 0.76 0.48
Season 11.08 <0.001 Season 2.54 0.06
Habitat × Season 0.35 0.91 Habitat × Season 0.29 0.94
Enrichment index Habitat 8.77 <0.001 Predator footprint Habitat 1.45 0.26
Season 7.65 <0.001 Season 4.53 <0.01
Habitat × Season 1.08 0.38 Habitat × Season 0.71 0.65
Structure index Habitat 2.00 0.16 Enrichment footprint Habitat 1.49 0.25
Season 13.33 <0.001 Season 0.29 0.83
Habitat × Season 0.64 0.70 Habitat × Season 0.84 0.54
Herbivore footprint Habitat 0.56 0.58 Structure footprint Habitat 0.11 0.90
Season 1.60 0.20 Season 4.73 <0.01
Habitat × Season 1.34 0.25 Habitat × Season 0.52 0.79

Occurrence and abundance of predators in 250 cm3 soil samples obtained from open grassland, shrubland with rocky outcrops and riparian zone sites in the Telperion Nature Reserve (Mpumalanga province, South Africa) as part of an ecological study that was conducted over four seasons from 2015 to 2016.

Open grassland Shrubland with rocky outcrops Riparian zone
Family Genus or Family Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Actinolaimidae (Pr5) Neoactinolaimus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.00 ± 4.47 0
Anatonchidae (Pr4) Iotonchus 4.09 ± 7.01 0.45 ± 1.51 0.45 ± 1.51 0 9.50 ± 12.79 1.50 ± 2.42 3.00 ± 4.22 1.00 ± 3.16 2.00 ± 4.47 0 14.00 ± 31.30 4.00 ± 8.94
Aphelenchoididae (Pr2) Seinura 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.00 ± 98.39
Aporcelaimidae (Pr5) Aporcelaimidaea 1.36 ± 4.52 0 0 1.82 ± 4.62 0 1.00 ± 3.16 0 0.50 ± 1.58 0 0 0 3.00 ± 6.71
Aporcelaimellus 16.36 ± 16.75 0.91 ± 3.02 5.91 ± 9.95 1.36 ± 4.52 3.50 ± 11.07 3.50 ± 4.12 9.50 ± 13.83 4.50 ± 9.56 2.00 ± 4.47 0 0 0
Aporcelaimus 1.36 ± 3.23 5.00 ± 9.49 5.00 ± 9.22 4.09 ± 12.00 0 3.50 ± 5.80 3.50 ± 11.07 0 1.00 ± 2.24 2.00 ± 2.74 6.00 ± 13.42 19.00 ± 39.75
Makatinus 0 0.91 ± 3.02 0 0 0 0 1.50 ± 4.74 0.50 ± 1.58 0 0 0 0
Ironidae (Pr4) Ironus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.00 ± 8.94 0 0 0
Mononchidae (Pr4) Mononchidaea 0.45 ± 1.51 0.45 ± 1.51 0 0 0 0 1.00 ± 3.16 0 0 2.00 ± 2.74 0 0
Cobbonchus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.00 ± 4.47 0 0 0
Granonchulus 0 0 0 0 0 1.50 ± 4.74 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mononchus 0.45 ± 1.51 0.45 ± 1.51 0 1.82 ± 6.03 14.00 ± 29.04 0.50 ± 1.58 0 0 2.00 ± 2.74 0 0 0
Mylonchulidae (Pr4) Mylonchulus 0 0 0.91 ± 3.02 0 2.00 ± 4.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Paraxonchiidae (Pr5) Paraxhonchium 4.55 ± 10.60 1.36 ± 3.23 3.64 ± 12.06 0 1.50 ± 4.74 0 3.00 ± 7.89 6.00 ± 14.49 0 0 0 0
Qudsianematidae (Pr4) Discolaiminaea 1.36 ± 4.52 0 0 0 2.00 ± 4.83 0 0 4.00 ± 8.76 0 0 0 0
Discolaimoides 9.09 ± 14.80 2.73 ± 5.18 12.73 ± 25.43 20.91 ± 27.28 1.50 ± 3.37 0 1.00 ± 3.16 9.00 ± 12.87 2.00 ± 2.74 0 0 3.00 ± 6.71
Discolaimus 0.91 ± 3.02 0.45 ± 1.51 0 1.36 ± 4.52 0.50 ± 1.58 2.50 ± 5.40 0.50 ± 1.58 0.50 ± 1.58 0 1.00 ± 2.24 1.00 ± 2.24 2.00 ± 2.74
Eudorylaimus 0 0 0 0 0 0.50 ± 1.58 0 0 0 0 2.00 ± 4.47 0
Labronema 0 1.82 ± 6.03 0 0 0.50 ± 1.58 0.50 ± 1.58 1.00 ± 3.16 0.50 ± 1.58 0 0 6.00 ± 8.94 0
Tobrilidae (Pr4) Tobrilus 0 0 0 0 1.00 ± 3.16 0 0 0 2.00 ± 2.74 1.00 ± 2.24 1.00 ± 2.24 1.00 ± 2.24
Tripylidae (Pr3) Tripyla 0 0 0 0.45 ± 1.51 1.50 ± 4.74 0.50 ± 1.58 1.00 ± 3.16 0 0 0 0 0
Total predators 40.00 ± 28.81 14.55 ± 20.30 28.64 ± 24.40 31.82 ± 27.04 37.5 ± 34.56 15.5 ± 11.20 24.5 ± 21.67 26.5 ± 24.23 18.00 ± 13.51 6.00 ± 4.18 32.00 ± 39.15 76.00 ± 131.79
eISSN:
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