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Influences of nitrogen inputs on nematode populations under highbush blueberry

Thomas Forge
Thomas Forge
, 
David Ehret
David Ehret
, 
Aime Messiga
Aime Messiga
 oraz 
Martine Dorais
Martine Dorais
   | 06 lip 2020
Journal of Nematology's Cover Image
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Data publikacji: 06 lip 2020
Zakres stron: 1 - 14
Otrzymano: 27 wrz 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-056
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© 2020 Thomas Forge et al., published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Changes through time in the percentage of samples with Pratylenchus crenatus, Rotylenchus robustus, and Paratrichodorus renifer in the experimental area. At each sample date, a single 100 cm3 sample from each of 24 plots (six replicates of four N fertilization treatments) in the experimental area was analyzed. Blueberry bushes were planted in fall of 2008.
Changes through time in the percentage of samples with Pratylenchus crenatus, Rotylenchus robustus, and Paratrichodorus renifer in the experimental area. At each sample date, a single 100 cm3 sample from each of 24 plots (six replicates of four N fertilization treatments) in the experimental area was analyzed. Blueberry bushes were planted in fall of 2008.

Figure 2:

Effects of fertilizer nitrogen application rates on population densities of Rotylenchus robustus, from September, 2009 through June, 2019. Error bars are one standard error projecting above the 0N control (pooled standard error from overall ANOVA of non-transformed data). Within a date, points labeled with the same letter are not significantly different (p < 0.05) based on Diff procedure in mixed model repeated measures analysis of log-transformed data. NS, no significant differences.
Effects of fertilizer nitrogen application rates on population densities of Rotylenchus robustus, from September, 2009 through June, 2019. Error bars are one standard error projecting above the 0N control (pooled standard error from overall ANOVA of non-transformed data). Within a date, points labeled with the same letter are not significantly different (p < 0.05) based on Diff procedure in mixed model repeated measures analysis of log-transformed data. NS, no significant differences.

Figure 3:

Effects of fertilizer nitrogen application rates on population densities of Pratylenchus crenatus, from September, 2009 through June, 2019. Error bars are one standard error projecting above the 0N control (pooled standard error from overall ANOVA of non-transformed data). Within a date, points labeled with the same letter are not significantly different (p < 0.05) based on Diff procedure in mixed model repeated measures analysis of log-transformed data. NS, no significant differences.
Effects of fertilizer nitrogen application rates on population densities of Pratylenchus crenatus, from September, 2009 through June, 2019. Error bars are one standard error projecting above the 0N control (pooled standard error from overall ANOVA of non-transformed data). Within a date, points labeled with the same letter are not significantly different (p < 0.05) based on Diff procedure in mixed model repeated measures analysis of log-transformed data. NS, no significant differences.

Figure 4:

Effects of fertilizer nitrogen rates on the abundance of root fragments extracted from soil cores (g roots per kg dry soil), from April, 2016 through June, 2019. Error bars are one standard error projecting above the 0N control. Within a date, points labeled with the same letter are not significantly different (p < 0.05) based on Diff procedure in mixed model repeated measures analysis of log-transformed data. NS, no significant differences.
Effects of fertilizer nitrogen rates on the abundance of root fragments extracted from soil cores (g roots per kg dry soil), from April, 2016 through June, 2019. Error bars are one standard error projecting above the 0N control. Within a date, points labeled with the same letter are not significantly different (p < 0.05) based on Diff procedure in mixed model repeated measures analysis of log-transformed data. NS, no significant differences.

Figure 5:

Relationships between Rotylenchus robustus population densities and root biomass. Nematode population data and root biomass data for each plot were averages of six sample dates in 2016 and 2017.
Relationships between Rotylenchus robustus population densities and root biomass. Nematode population data and root biomass data for each plot were averages of six sample dates in 2016 and 2017.

Actual nitrogen application rates by year for the three fertilizer treatments sampled in this study, in relation to rates recommended for blueberry production in British Columbia (BCMAL, 2020).

Nitrogen application rates (kg N ha–1)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015-2019
1N 11 14 25 39 100 111 144
1.5N 22 29 50 79 151 167 215
2N 32 43 75 118 201 222 287
Recommended 22 29 50 79 100 111 144

Mean (n=6 replicate plots) population densities (nematodes/100 cm3 soil) of free-living nematodes across dates and N fertilization treatments in 2017.

Date April 2017 June 2017 September 2017
Treatment 0N 1N 1.5N 2N 0N 1N 1.5N 2N 0N 1N 1.5N 2N
Ditylenchus 91 (48) 154 (58) 109 (33) 135 (61) 50 (37) 147 (240) 81 (51) 150 (225) 96 (38) 124 (73) 65 (25) 73 (37)
Acrobeloides 43 (43) 104 (77) 69 (31) 98 (80) 41 (28) 166 (286) 117 (54) 109 (97) 31 (10) 77 (51) 81 (24) 68 (68)
Rhabditidae 23 (18) 62 (78) 52 (52) 39 (42) 46 (23) 62 (100) 26 (23) 26 (20) 35 (39) 16 (13) 17 (11) 17 (21)
Aphelenchoides 59 (37) 66 (68) 51 (21) 42 (8) 22 (16) 26 (25) 14 (14) 19 (21) 34 (23) 25 (12) 15 (13) 10 (7)
Filenchus 26 (11) 43 (35) 22 (17) 15 (21) 22 (24) 8 (5) 5 (4) 3 (3) 27 (26) 51 (34) 12 (13) 4 (6)
Cervidellus 23 (23) 51 (47) 28 (39) 14 (17) 13 (25) 42 (72) 5 (8) 4 (7) 16 (13) 23 (16) 8 (4) 5 (6)
Alaimus 9 (10) 7 (7) 3 (6) 1 (2) 21 (18) 7 (7) 13 (10) 5 (6) 24 (16) 15 (19) 5 (5) 4 (7)
Plectus 14 (11) 17 (20) 19 (13) 7 (12) 4 (7) 1 (2) 3 (7) 0 9 (9) 2 (3) 0 2 (5)
Clarkus 4 (10) 7 (12) 2 (3) 0 5 (6) 9 (14) 1 (3) 0 10 (8) 12 (24) 1 (2) 1 (2)
Prismatolaimus 11 (6) 9 (12) 1 (3) 0 3 (5) 0 (1) 0 4 (8) 9 (13)) 1 (3) 1 (2) 1 (1)
Aphelenchus 3 (10) 0 1 (3) 1 (2) 1 (1) 6 (15) 0 0 1 (2) 1 (2) 2 (3) 1 (2)
Teratocephalus 6 (9) 1 (2) 1 (3) 3 (5) 0 (1) 1 (2) 0 0 0 (1) 0 0 0
Seinura 1 (1) 0 3 (4) 0 0 (1) 1 (2) 1 (3) 3 (8) 0 (1) 2 (4) 1 (2) 0
Panagrolaimidae 1 (2) 5 (13) 2 (3) 2 (5) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 (2)
Thonus 3 (5) 0 0 0 1 (1) 0 3 (8) 0 1 (3) 2 (4) 0 0
Heterocephalobus 1 (3) 0 0 0 1 (3) 1 (2) 1 (2) 0 1 (2) 0 1 (1) 0
Tylencholaimus 1 (2) 0 0 0 1 (2) 0 0 0 4 (6) 0 0 0
Achromadora 3 (8) 0 1 (3) 0 0 (1) 1 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cephalobus 0 0 0 0 (1) 1 (3) 0 0 0 1 (3) 2 (4) 0 1 (1)
Monhysteridae 2 (3) 0 0 0 1 (2) 0 0 0 1 (3) 0 (1) 0 0
Diphtherophora 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 (10) 0 0
Diplogasteridae 1 (2) 1 (3) 0 1 (2) 0 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tylenchus 0 0 1 (3) 0 2 (3) 0 0 0 0 (1) 0 0 0
Pungentus 0 (1) 0 0 0 1 (2) 0 2 (5) 0 0 0 0 0
Nygolaimus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1) 2 (5) 0 0
Acrobeles 0 2 (4) 0 0 1 (2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rhabdolaimus 0 0 1 (3) 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1) 0 0 0
Aporcelaimellus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 (2) 0 0
Cylindrolaimus 0 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Leptonchidae 0 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Eucephalobus 0 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chiloplacus 0 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ecumenicus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1) 0 0 0
Anguinidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1) 0 0 0
Trophic groups (nematodes/100 cm 3 soil) and community structure indices
Bacterivorous 138 (98) 259 (214) 179 (45) 165 (123) 133 (78) 282 (452) 165 (56) 148 (94) 128 (72) 137 (69) 112 (29) 98 (47)
Fungivorous 180 (60) 262 (106) 185 (43) 193 (68) 96 (61) 186 (276) 99 (48) 171 (242) 162 (66) 204 (96) 94 (37) 89 (44)
Omni+Predsa 8 (11) 7 (12) 5 (4) 0 6 (6) 10 (15) 8 (9) 3 (8) 12 (8) 17 (28) 2 (2) 1 (2)
Enrichment Index 51 (9) 51 (10) 55 (12) 53 (10) 67 (12) 52 (11) 46 (15) 53 (8) 56 (10) 46 (4) 45 (12) 46 (11)
Structure Index 41 (10) 25 (15) 23 (12) 12 (11) 54 (19) 32 (14) 29 (11) 17 (13) 52 (13) 46 (10) 21 (14) 13 (13)
Channel Index 66 (19) 61 (27) 50 (21) 60 (24) 30 (17) 50 (21) 54 (21) 51 (31) 56 (19) 70 (18) 58 (12) 64 (25)
Shannon Diversity 7.30 (1.11) 5.66 (1.65) 5.97 (0.88) 4.66 (1.15) 6.79 (1.15) 6.46 (1.22) 4.94 (1.25) 3.99 (0.80) 7.51 (1.92) 7.33 (2.48) 5.37 (1.09) 4.67 (1.01)
Simpson Diversity 5.51 (1.04) 4.60 (1.58) 4.72 (0.70) 3.82 (0.98) 5.42 (1.00) 5.12 (1.10) 3.91 (1.07) 3.17 (0.73) 5.78 (1.79) 4.69 (1.80) 4.24 (1.02) 3.69 (0.84)

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer treatments on the Shannon–Weiner (S–W) and Simpson (Simpson) indices of genus-level diversity, the nematode Structure Index (SI) and Enrichment Index (EI), and population densities (nematodes/100 cm3) of omnivorous+predacious (O + P), bacterivorous (Bact) and fungivorous (Fung) trophic groups.

Treatment S–W Simpson SI EI CI O + P Bact Fung
0N 7.02aa 5.57a 49a 58a 51 9ab 133 146
1N 6.48a 4.90ab 35b 49b 60 11a 226 218
1.5N 5.43b 4.36b 24c 49b 54 5bc 152 126
2N 4.44c 3.51c 14d 50b 58 1c 137 151
ANOVA summary (p-values) b
Treatment < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.004 0.39 0.004 0.18 0.09
Date 0.21 0.57 0.05 0.07 0.002 0.47 0.19 0.04
T × D 0.57 0.80 0.29 0.05 0.18 0.67 0.91 0.70
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