Implementation of whole genome sequencing for bacteria genotyping

The molecular typing methods are used to identify specific genetic targets and relationships between microbial isolates. In order to understand clonal relatedness between the microbial strains, classic phenotypic methods are used in line with modern molecular biology techniques. The development of genetics, especially new techniques like molecular typing, have revolutionized microbial research. After 1970, the development techniques, especially those referring to DNA sequencing, established molecular microbiology, thus providing modern tools for the identification of sources and routes of infection. Whole genome sequencing and other high-throughput typing methods are becoming increasingly popular and, thanks to their high resolution, they are ideal tools for comparative analysis of bacteria. This study reviews the methods most commonly used in the molecular typing of bacteria, including those which are in the development stage and may be the main tool in microbial typing in the future.

1. Introduction. 1.1. Typing methods. 2. Phenotypic typing methods. 3. Genetic typing methods. 3.1. REA-PFGE. 3.2. MLVA. 3.3. MLST. 4. 1st generation sequencing technology. 4.1. Sanger sequencing. 4.2. Maxam-Gilbert sequencing. 5. Whole genome sequencing. 5.1. 2nd generation sequencing. 5.2. 3rd generation sequencing. 6. Molecular typing using whole genome sequencing. 6.1. K-mer. 6.2. SNP. 6.3. wgMLST. 7. Analysis difficulties. 7.1. Data processing. 7.2. Data storage and sharing. 7.3. Nomenclature. 8. Potential directions of development. 9. Summary