<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>
<bold>Introduction:</bold> Echocardiography is essential in the evaluation of patients with cardiovascular disease. Repetitive movements, however, expose ultrasound operators to a high risk of musculoskeletal strain injuries. <bold>Aim:</bold> We investigated to what extent a probe stabilizer could reduce repetitive movements. <bold>Materials and methods:</bold> The study population consisted of 31 male patients referred for routine transthoracic echocardiography. A good apical acoustic window was prerequisite for inclusion. Standard apical views and measurements were first recorded without using the probe stabilizer. Afterwards, the same apical views and measurements were acquired with utilization of the probe stabilizer. During the entire procedure, shoulder abduction and muscle activity of right forearm flexor and extensor muscles were recorded. To this purpose, an EMG-sensor was attached to the right lower arm and a gyroscope to the right shoulder blade. <bold>Results:</bold> Extreme right arm abduction (>30˚) occurred in 58% of the time with use of the stabilizer and in 98% of the time without (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.01). Activity of right forearm extensor muscles was 42% with and 60% without stabilizer (<italic>p</italic> = 0.04). For the flexor muscles these percentages were 47% and 87%, respectively (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.01). Use of the stabilizer did not affect the time needed for image acquisition (308s versus 309s, respectively, <italic>p</italic> = 0.46). <bold>Conclusions:</bold> This study demonstrated that the use of a stabilizer during acquisition of apical views in routine transthoracic echocardiography reduces the total time of shoulder abduction and the use of the right forearm muscles, while acquisition time was not affected.</p>
</abstract>

Introduction: Echocardiography is essential in the evaluation of patients with cardiovascular disease. Repetitive movements, however, expose ultrasound operators to a high risk of musculoskeletal strain injuries. Aim: We investigated to what extent a probe stabilizer could reduce repetitive movements. Materials and methods: The study population consisted of 31 male patients referred for routine transthoracic echocardiography. A good apical acoustic window was prerequisite for inclusion. Standard apical views and measurements were first recorded without using the probe stabilizer. Afterwards, the same apical views and measurements were acquired with utilization of the probe stabilizer. During the entire procedure, shoulder abduction and muscle activity of right forearm flexor and extensor muscles were recorded. To this purpose, an EMG-sensor was attached to the right lower arm and a gyroscope to the right shoulder blade. Results: Extreme right arm abduction (>30˚) occurred in 58% of the time with use of the stabilizer and in 98% of the time without (p <0.01). Activity of right forearm extensor muscles was 42% with and 60% without stabilizer (p = 0.04). For the flexor muscles these percentages were 47% and 87%, respectively (p <0.01). Use of the stabilizer did not affect the time needed for image acquisition (308s versus 309s, respectively, p = 0.46). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the use of a stabilizer during acquisition of apical views in routine transthoracic echocardiography reduces the total time of shoulder abduction and the use of the right forearm muscles, while acquisition time was not affected.


<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0029_s_001" sec-type="introduction">
<div>Introduction</div>
<p>Echocardiography is the cornerstone of diagnostic imaging in cardiac patients due to its ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and safety. However, the disadvantage of this technique is the musculoskeletal overload of the cardiac sonographer, which results in a high incidence of work-related injuries of up to 90%<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_001">1</a>)</sup>. Work-related injuries can affect the ability of sonographers to perform required occupational activities, possibly jeopardizing the quality of patient care and productivity of the ultrasound department<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_002">2</a>)</sup>. Important causes of work-related injuries are excessive strain, repetitive motions, and duration of pressure<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_003">3</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_004">4</a>)</sup>. The wrist and shoulder are the most common body parts injured in sonographers<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_005">5</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_006">6</a>)</sup>. A common static work posture during scanning contains wrist flexion and extreme shoulder abduction for a long period of time. An angle of abduction greater than 30° puts the shoulder at greater risk for injury<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_007">7</a>)</sup>. Modified scanning techniques and ergonomically designed workstations can significantly reduce the muscle activity. The objective of the current study was to investigate to what extent a probe stabilizer could reduce shoulder abduction and the muscle activity of the forearm.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0029_s_002" sec-type="methods">
<div>Methods</div>
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0029_s_002_s_001">
<div>Study subjects</div>
<p>Two Dutch cardiac ultrasound departments participated in the study, respectively the Catharina Hospital (Eindhoven, the Netherlands) and the Deventer Hospital (Deventer, the Netherlands). The study population consisted of 31 male patients referred for routine transthoracic echocardiography. A good apical acoustic window with clear endocardial border definition was a prerequisite for inclusion.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0029_s_002_s_002">
<div>Transthoracic echocardiography</div>
<p>In the Catharina Hospital a Philips EPIQ 7 ultrasound system was used with a X5-1 transducer. The iRotate function was used, which made it possible to electronically rotate to the standard apical four, two, and three chamber views. In the Deventer Hospital a GE Vivid E9 ultrasound system was used with a M5S transducer. Standard apical views were recorded by manually rotating the transducer. During echocardiography patients were placed in left lateral position with the sonographer sitting at the right side of the patient. Standard apical views and measurements were first recorded without using the probe stabilizer. Afterwards, the same apical views and measurements were acquired with utilization of the probe stabilizer. During acquisition the sonographer was instructed to position both hands at the ultrasound machine, unless repositioning of the probe was necessary. During both techniques, shoulder abduction and the activity of the right forearm flexor and extensor muscles were recorded. Both the time needed to fixate the probe stabilizer, and to record apical views and measurements were registered.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0029_s_002_s_003">
<div>Probe stabilizer</div>
<p>The probe stabilizer (ProbeFix®, Usono, Eindhoven, the Netherlands) enables stable fixation of an ultrasound probe to the body (Fig. <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_fig_001">1</a>). The stabilizer consists of several parts and the probe itself is tightened into a moulded silicone ring which is fixated in the stabilizer itself. Before positioning the ultrasound probe at the ideal acoustic window, the probe is loosely connected to the stabilizer, without fixating the device to the patient’s body. When the desired acoustic window is identified, the stabilizer is fixated to the chest with two straps. The probe angle can be altered in any direction, enabling probe rotation in the standard apical views.</p>
<figure id="j_jou.2019.0029_fig_001" position="float" fig-type="figure">
<h2>Fig. 1.</h2>
<figCaption>
<p>
<italic>Fixation of the probe stabilizer</italic>
</p>
</figCaption>
<img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_jou.2019.0029_fig_001.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64722d7e215d2f6c89dbeb12/j_jou.2019.0029_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240630T132836Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240630%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=ec3abd099548a54474c977d50d1676e9e26d88c91024dd4fdb5efd137af5ee5d" class="mw-100"/>
</figure>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0029_s_002_s_004">
<div>Electromyography-sensor and gyroscope</div>
<p>During acquisition, the sonographer wore a small device containing an electromyography (EMG)-sensor and gyroscope (ErgoNode®, Usono, Eindhoven, the Netherlands). The EMG-sensors were positioned on the inside and the outside of the forearm. A surfaced EMG was used to evaluate the right forearm extensor and flexor muscle activity during ultrasound examination, representing the wrist joint loading. In this study we did not evaluate the absolute amount of muscle activity, but attempted to identify patterns of muscle activity over time. The gyroscope was used for recording the duration of extreme shoulder abduction, which was defined as an angle greater than 30°.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0029_s_002_s_005">
<div>Questionnaire</div>
<p>After completion of the ultrasound investigation both sonographer and patient were asked to fill out a questionnaire regarding their experience with probe stabilizer. The image quality recorded with the probe stabilizer was judged by the sonographer after finishing the examination on a 1 to 5 scale (1; very poor – 5; very good). The amount of patient discomfort with the probe stabilizer was also examined on a 1 to 5 scale (1; very uncomfortable – 5; very comfortable).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0029_s_002_s_006">
<div>Statistical analysis</div>
<p>Continuous variables are presented as mean with standard deviations. The duration of extreme right arm abduction and muscle activity are presented as percentages of the total scanning time. The nonparametric Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the differences in extreme right arm abduction, muscle activity and total scanning time between recording with and without using the probe stabilizer. A <italic>p</italic>-value &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0029_s_003" sec-type="results">
<div>Results</div>
<p>Six cardiac sonographers participated in the study. Their professional experience ranged from 4 to 33 years. The study population consisted of 31 male patients with an average BMI of 25.4 ± 3.1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The average time to fixate the probe to the chest with the stabilizer took 2.7 ± 1.3 minutes. The use of the stabilizer did not affect the time needed for image acquisition (5.1 versus 5.2 minutes, <italic>p</italic> = 0.46). The average score for image quality recorded with the probe stabilizer was 3.8 ± 1. The patient’s experience was assessed with a mean score of 4.1 ± 1. Extreme right arm abduction (>30˚) occurred in 58% of the time with use of the stabilizer and in 98% of the time during regular scanning (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.01). Activity of right forearm extensor muscles was 42% with and 60% without stabilizer (<italic>p</italic> = 0.04). For the flexor muscles these percentages were 47% and 87%, respectively (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.01) (Tab. <a ref-type="table" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_tab_001">1</a> and Fig. <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_fig_002">2</a>).</p>
<table-wrap id="j_jou.2019.0029_tab_001" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Tab. 1.</label>
<caption>
<p>
<italic>Percentage of shoulder abduction and the muscle activity of the forearm during scanning with and without the use of the probe stabilizer</italic>
</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="top"></th>
<th align="center" valign="top">With probe stabilizer <italic>n</italic> = 31</th>
<th align="center" valign="top">Without probe stabilizer <italic>n</italic> = 31</th>
<th align="center" valign="top">
<italic>P</italic>-value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Extreme shoulder abduction over time (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">58</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">98</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Activity of forearm extensor muscles over time (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">60</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.04</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Activity of forearm flexor muscles over time (%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">47</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">87</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Time to fixate probe stabilizer (minutes)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">2.7 ± 1.3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">–</td>
<td align="center" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">Time image acquisition (minutes)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">5.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.46</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<figure id="j_jou.2019.0029_fig_002" position="float" fig-type="figure">
<h2>Fig. 2.</h2>
<figCaption>
<p>
<bold>A</bold>. <italic>Extreme right shoulder abduction during standard scanning</italic>. <bold>B</bold>. <italic>The position of the right arm after fixation of the probe stabilizer</italic>. <bold>C</bold>. <italic>EMG of the forearm flexor and extensor muscles. Red: conventional scanning, Green: scanning with the probe stabilizer</italic>. <bold>D</bold>. <italic>Degrees of shoulder abduction. Red: conventional scanning, Green: scanning with the probe stabilizer</italic>
</p>
</figCaption>
<img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_jou.2019.0029_fig_002.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64722d7e215d2f6c89dbeb12/j_jou.2019.0029_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240630T132836Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240630%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=a15d22d9d9ede4cfae78233b96586e51d9021d2be1f4401f123601484573d678" class="mw-100"/>
</figure>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0029_s_004" sec-type="discussion">
<div>Discussion</div>
<p>The present study demonstrated that the use of a probe stabilizer is a practical and easy method to relief the musculoskeletal overload in cardiac sonographers. It reduced the duration of both extreme shoulder abduction and activity of flexor muscles in the forearm with roughly 40%.</p>
<p>The incidence of sick leave because of work-related injury is increasing in ultrasound departments<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_008">8</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_009">9</a>)</sup>. The mechanism for injury is likely related to mechanical compression of the supraspinatus tendon with reduction of blood supply to the muscles when the arm is elevated<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_010">10</a>)</sup>. Nowadays, departments are more motivated to minimize the risk of work-related musculoskeletal injuries. Injuries can be reduced by optimizing work environment ergonomically (e.g. ultrasound systems, exam tables, and chairs). Moreover, work schedules could be adjusted to optimize muscle recovery time. Additionally, it is important to create awareness among sonographers about high-risk work postures such as excessive arm abduction and over-reaching<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_011">11</a>–<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_013">13</a>)</sup>. Typically, these postures occur when sonographers do not take time to optimize their position with respect to the patient and the ultrasound system. However, the degree of overreaching and abduction are also determined by patient’s body habitus. Supportive equipment can be used to contribute to minimize high-risk work postures. In the current study we investigated the advantages of using a probe stabilizer to create a hands-off workflow during transthoracic echocardiographic examination, which potentially reduces the amount of work-related injury by reducing the excessive strain, repetitive motions, and the total duration of pressure during image acquisition.</p>
<p>Other methods to reduce the musculoskeletal strain have been published. Firstly, left-handed scanning from the left side of the patient can be used to reduce overload<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_014">14</a>)</sup>. Still, implementation of the left-handed scanning technique requires more time and effort to retrain, especially in aged sonographers with large experience in right-handed scanning. Furthermore, an articulating support arm system was developed<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_015">15</a>)</sup>. It is an articulating arm, designed to support the arm of the sonographer in a position to hold the transducer against the patient’s chest. Though, the system is intended for sonographers who scan with the left hand. The authors observed a significant reduction in muscle activity and shoulder abduction. The advantage of the probe stabilizer used in the current study is that after positioning the probe, a hands-off acquisition of views and measurements can be applied. Additionally, it has shown to be useful for stress echocardiography during ergometer tests in supine and upright positions<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_016">16</a>)</sup>.</p>
<p>This study was performed in two different hospitals in the Netherlands. One of the hospitals (CH) used the iRotate method in combination with the probe stabilizer, which automatically rotates for the different apical windows, whereas the other hospital (DH) rotated the probe manually. We observed that the benefit on musculoskeletal load was higher when the probe stabilizer was combined with the iRotate method, which was used in 18 patients. With this method in combination with the stabilizer, extreme shoulder abduction occurred only in 36% of the time. With manual rotation extreme abduction occurred in 81% of the time (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.01). The percentage of flexor muscle activity in the forearm was 32% versus 64% (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.01), respectively.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0029_s_005" sec-type="limitations">
<div>Limitations</div>
<p>There are some limitations to this study. Firstly, this was a pilot study with a short follow-up which not registered the number of actual work-related injuries. Secondly, we only collected data on movements of shoulder and wrist because these are the body parts most prone for injuries<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_005">5</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_006">6</a>)</sup>. In future studies it should be considered to also analyse the effect on the neck, back, and hands, since these are also often mentioned locations of pain and discomfort<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_003">3</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0029_ref_017">17</a>)</sup>. Moreover, our study included only men with a good apical acoustic window. Therefore, it remains unsure if the probe stabilizer can be applied in women and in patients with other body characteristics such as obesity. Nevertheless, we expect the probe stabilizer to reduce work related injuries because we assume the stabilizer can be applied at least in 30% of patients in our echo department.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0029_s_006" sec-type="conclusion">
<div>Conclusion</div>
<p>This study demonstrated that the use of a probe stabilizer by cardiac sonographers during routine transthoracic echocardiography reduces the total time of shoulder abduction and the use of the right forearm muscles. The probe stabilizer is therefore a promising tool in reducing work-related injury of sonographers.</p>
</sec>
</div>

The use of a probe stabilizer to reduce musculoskeletal overload of ultrasound operators in routine diagnostic echocardiographic imaging

Journal of Ultrasonography

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Introduction: Echocardiography is essential in the evaluation of patients with cardiovascular disease. Repetitive movements, however, expose ultrasound...

The use of a probe stabilizer to reduce musculoskeletal overload of ultrasound operators in routine diagnostic echocardiographic imaging

Article Category: research-article

Data publikacji: 30 wrz 2019

Zakres stron: 193 - 197

Otrzymano: 12 cze 2019

Przyjęty: 19 sie 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15557/jou.2019.0029

Słowa kluczowe
echocardiography, musculoskeletal pain, technological innovations

© 2019 Sjoerd Bouwmeester et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Percentage of shoulder abduction and the muscle activity of the forearm during scanning with and without the use of the probe stabilizer

	With probe stabilizer n = 31	Without probe stabilizer n = 31	P-value
Extreme shoulder abduction over time (%)	58	98	<0.01
Activity of forearm extensor muscles over time (%)	42	60	0.04
Activity of forearm flexor muscles over time (%)	47	87	<0.01
Time to fixate probe stabilizer (minutes)	2.7 ± 1.3	–
Time image acquisition (minutes)	5.2	5.1	0.46

The use of a probe stabilizer to reduce musculoskeletal overload of ultrasound operators in routine diagnostic echocardiographic imaging

Article Category: research-article

Data publikacji: 30 wrz 2019

Zakres stron: 193 - 197

Otrzymano: 12 cze 2019

Przyjęty: 19 sie 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15557/jou.2019.0029

Słowa kluczoweechocardiography, musculoskeletal pain, technological innovations

© 2019 Sjoerd Bouwmeester et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Percentage of shoulder abduction and the muscle activity of the forearm during scanning with and without the use of the probe stabilizer

Słowa kluczowe
echocardiography, musculoskeletal pain, technological innovations