<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>Pathological processes within the orbits are a heterogeneous group of diseases of various etiologies, clinical pictures and therapy models. Due to poor access to the orbits in a clinical examination, imaging plays a significant role in both diagnosis and treatment monitoring in patients with an orbital pathology. One of such imaging modalities is ultrasonography. It is relatively well-available, rapid and safe for the patient. This paper enumerates indications for an orbital ultrasound scan, including functional ocular disorders (vision disorders, mobility disorders), autoimmune diseases, inflammatory conditions, proliferative processes, and others. The authors present Ossoinig’s standardized method which encompasses topographic, qualitative and kinetic echography, and may facilitate orbital ultrasound examinations. Moreover, the article shows management standards for ultrasound imaging of orbital pathologies with an emphasis on the relevance of equipment selection, scanning technique (transducer position, transocular technique, paraocular technique) and patient preparation for the examination, and indicates appropriate elements of an examination report. The authors discuss the ultrasound presentation of the orbital structures in physiological conditions and selected orbital pathologies, such as pseudotumor, thyroid orbitopathy, cancerous tumors of the optic nerve, and others. The ultrasonographic characteristics of the presented pathologies are shown taking into account A and B scans. Attention was paid to the evaluation of angle kappa in the A scan in echographic assessment of the orbits. Furthermore, the authors include referential values for extraocular muscle thickness and quantitative measurement of the severity of thyroid ophthalmopathy based on Ossoinig’s muscle index.</p>
</abstract>

Pathological processes within the orbits are a heterogeneous group of diseases of various etiologies, clinical pictures and therapy models. Due to poor access to the orbits in a clinical examination, imaging plays a significant role in both diagnosis and treatment monitoring in patients with an orbital pathology. One of such imaging modalities is ultrasonography. It is relatively well-available, rapid and safe for the patient. This paper enumerates indications for an orbital ultrasound scan, including functional ocular disorders (vision disorders, mobility disorders), autoimmune diseases, inflammatory conditions, proliferative processes, and others. The authors present Ossoinig’s standardized method which encompasses topographic, qualitative and kinetic echography, and may facilitate orbital ultrasound examinations. Moreover, the article shows management standards for ultrasound imaging of orbital pathologies with an emphasis on the relevance of equipment selection, scanning technique (transducer position, transocular technique, paraocular technique) and patient preparation for the examination, and indicates appropriate elements of an examination report. The authors discuss the ultrasound presentation of the orbital structures in physiological conditions and selected orbital pathologies, such as pseudotumor, thyroid orbitopathy, cancerous tumors of the optic nerve, and others. The ultrasonographic characteristics of the presented pathologies are shown taking into account A and B scans. Attention was paid to the evaluation of angle kappa in the A scan in echographic assessment of the orbits. Furthermore, the authors include referential values for extraocular muscle thickness and quantitative measurement of the severity of thyroid ophthalmopathy based on Ossoinig’s muscle index.

Recommendations for ultrasound examination in ophthalmology. Part II: Orbital ultrasound

Journal of Ultrasonography

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Pathological processes within the orbits are a heterogeneous group of diseases of various etiologies, clinical pictures and therapy models. Due to poor access...

<5 – normal	Normal
4.5–5.5	Mild ophthalmopathy
5.5–6.5	Moderate ophthalmopathy
>6.5	Severe ophthalmopathy

Muscle	Size (mm)^,*	Differences between orbits (mm)
Superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris	3.9–6.8	0.8
Lateral rectus	2.2–3.8	0.4
Inferior rectus	1.6–3.6	0.4
Medial rectus	2.3–4.7	0.5
Sum	11.9–16.9	1.2

Recommendations for ultrasound examination in ophthalmology. Part II: Orbital ultrasound

Article Category: review

Data publikacji: 31 sty 2019

Zakres stron: 349 - 354

Otrzymano: 16 lip 2018

Przyjęty: 31 gru 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15557/jou.2018.0051

Słowa kluczowe
orbital ultrasonography, method of standardized echography acc. Ossoinig, ophthalmic indications for ultrasonography in ophthalmology

© 2018 Małgorzata Karolczak-Kulesza et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.

Ossoinig’s3 muscle index (see text for description)

Thickness of the extraocular muscles according to Byrne and Ossoinig3,4. In a low-sensitivity test, values over the 95th percentile are considered abnormal

Recommendations for ultrasound examination in ophthalmology. Part II: Orbital ultrasound

Article Category: review

Data publikacji: 31 sty 2019

Zakres stron: 349 - 354

Otrzymano: 16 lip 2018

Przyjęty: 31 gru 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15557/jou.2018.0051

Słowa kluczoweorbital ultrasonography, method of standardized echography acc. Ossoinig, ophthalmic indications for ultrasonography in ophthalmology

© 2018 Małgorzata Karolczak-Kulesza et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.

Ossoinig’s3 muscle index (see text for description)

Thickness of the extraocular muscles according to Byrne and Ossoinig3,4. In a low-sensitivity test, values over the 95th percentile are considered abnormal

Słowa kluczowe
orbital ultrasonography, method of standardized echography acc. Ossoinig, ophthalmic indications for ultrasonography in ophthalmology