Anterior drawer test
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An examiner uses one hand to hold the patient’s heel and the opposite hand to stabilize the anterior portion of the distal tibia and fibula. The examiner then uses the hand on the heel to pull the foot anteriorly. |
The test is abnormal when translation on the affected side is 3–5 mm greater than that on the normal side. |
Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) |
The inversion stress test
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The examiner uses one hand to cup the heel of the affected foot and the opposite hand to stabilize the anterior portion of the distal tibia and fibula.The ATFL is evaluated by maximally plantarflexing the ankle and then inverting the rear foot; laxity and pain should occur. The calcaneofibular ligament is evaluated by maximally dorsiflexing the foot and then inverting the rear foot. |
The test is abnormal when inversion on the affected side is 10–15 degrees greater than that of the opposite side. |
Lateral ligaments complex |
The Thompson test
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If the foot does not plantarflex, rupture of the Achilles tendon must be considered. |
Jeśli stopa nie jest w zgięciu podeszwowym, należy podejrzewać zerwanie ścięgna Achillesa. |
Complete rupture of the Achilles tendon |