[1. Kratky - Dunitz M, Scheer P. J. Encopresis. Monatsschr Kinderhelikid 1988;136 :630-35]Search in Google Scholar
[2. von Gontard A. Encopresis. In: Rey J. editor. IACAPAP Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, online; 2012.http://iacapap.org/iacapap-textbook-of-child-andadolescent-mental-health]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Sambach H, Equit M, El Khatib D, Schreiner-Zink S, Von Gontard A. Therapieresistente Harninkontinenz und Enur esis:Gruppenblasenschulung. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkd 2011;159:565e7110.1007/s00112-011-2383-9]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Bellman M. Studies on encopresis. Acta Paediatr Scand 1966; (Suppl. 170):1]Search in Google Scholar
[5. The Paris Consensus on Childhood Constipation Terminology (PACCT) Group. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2005;40:273–27510.1097/01.MPG.0000158071.24327.8815735478]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Rasquin A, Di Lorenzo C, Forbes D, Guiraldes E, Hyams JS, Staiano A, et al. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders:child/adolescent. Gastroenterology 2006;130(5):1527e3710.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.063710469316678566]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Benninga MA, Buller HA, Heymans HS, Tytgat GN, Taminiau JA. Is encopresis always the result of constipation?Arch Dis Child 1994;71(3):186e9310.1136/adc.71.3.18610299697979489]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Loening - Baucke V. Fukctional Fecal Retention With Encopresis in Childhood. J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 2004;38:79-8410.1097/00005176-200401000-0001814676600]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Clinical Practice Guideline, Evaluation and Treatment of Constipation in Infants and children: Recommendation of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Gatroenterology 2006;43(3):e 1-1310.1097/01.mpg.0000233159.97667.c316954945]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Burgers R, Benninga M. A. Fnctional Nonretentive Fecal Incontinence in Children: A Frustrating and Long – lasting Clinical Entity. J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 2009;48(2):S 98-10010.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a15ec619300139]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Papadopoulou A. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infancy and Childhood:Rome III Diagnostic Criteria. The 2nd South Easten European Pediatric Gastroenterology Meeting, 2011 Bled;Abstract book:3-8]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Bongers MB, Tabbers M. M. Beninga M.A. Functional non-retentive fecal incontinence in children. J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 2007; 44:5-1310.1097/01.mpg.0000252187.12793.0a17204945]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Van der Wal, M. F, Beninga M.A, Hirasing R. A. The prevalence of encopresis in a multicultural population. J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 2005;40(3):345-48]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM, Benninga MA. Constipation-associated and nonretentive fecal incontinence in-children and adolescents: an epidemiological survey in Sri Lanka. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;51(4):472e610.1097/MPG.0b013e3181d33b7d20562725]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Michail S, Broxon E, Mezoff A, Prend D, Hitch D. A. Rare Rectal Tumor presenting With Encopresis and Rectal Bleeding in a Three-Year - Old Girl: Case Report and Review of the Liteature. J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 2002;35(4):579-82.]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Von Gontard A, Baeyens D, Van Hoecke E, Warzak WJ, Bachmann C. Psychological and psychiatric issues in urinary and fecal incontinence. J Urol 2011;185(4):1432e610.1016/j.juro.2010.11.05121349549]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Burgers R, de Jong TP, Visser M, Di Lorenzo C, Dijkgraaf MG, Benninga MA. Functional defecation disorders in children with lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol 2012;189(5):1886e9110.1016/j.juro.2012.10.06423123369]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Austin PF, Bauer SB, Bower W, Chase J, Franco I, Hoebeke P, et al. The standardization of terminology of lower urinarytract function in children and adolescents: update report from the standardization committee of the International Children’s Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.22751. [E pub ahead of print]10.1002/nau.2275125772695]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Fishman L, Rappaport L, Consineau Dand Nurko S. Early Constipation and Toilet Training in Children With Encopresis. J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 2002;54(4):384-87]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Pakarinen M, Koivuselo A and Rintela R. Functional Fecal Soiling Withaout Constipation, Organic Cause or Neuropsychiatric Disorders? J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 2006;43(2):205-8]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Gutierrez C, Marco A, Nogales and Tebar R. Total and Segmental Colonic Transit Time and Anorectal Manometry in Children With Chronic Idiopathic Constipation. J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 2002;35(1):30-38]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Benninga M. A, Buller H. A. Tytgat G.N.J. Akkermans L. M. Bossuyt P. M. Taminiau J. A. J. M. Colinic Transit Time in Constipated Children: Does Pediatric Slow - Transit Constipation Exist ? J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 1996;23(3):pp.241-5110.1097/00005176-199610000-000078890073]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Wald A, Chandra R, Chiphonis D and Gabel S. Anorectal Function and Continence Mechanisms in Childhood Encopresis. J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 1986;5(3):345-51]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Gerteken J.T. Cocjin J, Pehlivanov N, Danda C and Hyman P.E. Comorbidities Associated with Constipation in Children Referred for Colon Manometry May Mask Fuctional Diagnoses. J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 2005;41(5):328-31]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Von Gontard A, Niemczyk J, Weber M, Equit M. Specificbehavioral comorbidity in a large sample of children with-functional incontinence: report of 1,001 cases. Neurourol Urodyn 2015;34(8):763e810.1002/nau.2265125111368]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Burgers R, Benninga M. A. Fnctional Nonretentive Fecal Incontinence in Children: A Frustrating and Long – lasting Clinical Entity. J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 2009;48(2):S 98-10010.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a15ec619300139]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM, Benninga MA. Reviewarticle: faecal incontinence in children: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation and management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;37(1):37e4810.1111/apt.1210323106105]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Von Gontard A. Urinary incontinence in children with specialneeds. Nat Rev Urol 2013;10(11):667e7410.1038/nrurol.2013.21324080904]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Burgers R, de Jong TPVM, Benninga MA. Rectal examinationin children: digital versus transabdominal ultrasound. J Urol2013;190(2):667e7210.1016/j.juro.2013.02.320123473901]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Sentovich S. M. Kaufman S. S, Cali R. L. Falk P. M, Blatchford G. J. Pudendal Nerve Fuction in Normal and Encopretic Children. J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 1998;26(1):pp 70-7210.1097/00005176-199801000-000129443123]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Bekkali N-L-H, Hagebeuk EEO, Bongers MEJ, van Rijn RR, Van Wijk MP, Liem O, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbosacral spine in children with chronic constipation or non-retentive fecal incontinence: a prospective study. J Pediatr 2010;156(3):461e510.1016/j.jpeds.2009.09.04819892365]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Koppen IJN, von Gontard A, Chase J, Cooper C.S, Rittig C.S, Bauer S.B, Homsy Y, Yang S.S, Benninga M.A. Management of functional nonretentive fecal incontinence in children: Recommendations from the International Children’s Continence Society, Journal of Pediatric Urology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2015.09.00810.1016/j.jpurol.2015.09.00826654481]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Burgers R, Reitsma JB, Bongers ME, de Lorijn F, Benninga MA. Functional nonretentive fecal incontinence: do enemas help? J Pediatr 2012;162(5):1023e710.1016/j.jpeds.2012.10.03723164309]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Borowitz S, Cox D.J. Suthphen J. L and Kovatchew B. Treatment of Children Encopresis - A Randomised Trial Comparing Three treatment Protocols. J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 2002;34(4):377-84]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Corbett P, Denny A, Dick K, Malone PS, Griffin S, Stanton MP. Peristeen integrated transanal irrigation system successfullytreats faecal incontinence in children. J Pediatr Urol 2014;10(2):219e2210.1016/j.jpurol.2013.08.00624439630]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Nasher O, Hill RE, Peeraully R, Wright A, Singh SJ. Peristeen transanal irrigation system for paediatric faecal incontinence: a single centre experience. Int J Pediatr 2014:95431510.1155/2014/954315403334924895498]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Warzak WJ, Forcino SS, Sanberg SA, Gross AC. Advancing Continence in Typically Developing Children: Adapting the Procedures of Foxx and Azirin for Primary Care. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2016; 37(1):83-710.1097/DBP.000000000000023226536008]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Equit M, Sambach H, Niemczyk J, Gontard A von. Urinary and fecal incontinence: a training program for children and adolescents. Boston: Hogrefe Publishing; 2015. p. 20910.1027/00460-000]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Koppen IJN, Lammers LA, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Managementof functional constipation in children: therapy inpractice. Paediatr Drugs 2015;17(5):349e6010.1007/s40272-015-0142-4476824226259965]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Lowery S. Srour J. W. Whitehead W. E and Schuster M. Habit Training as Treatment of Encopres is Secondary to Chronic Constipation. J.Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 1985;4(3):396-401]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Kaugars S. A. Silverman A, Kinservik M, Heinze S, Reinemann L. Sandre Mat al. Families Perspectives on the Effect of Constipation and Fecal Incontinence on Quality of Life. JPGN 2010;53(6):747-52]Search in Google Scholar
[42. van Tilburg, Miranda A. L, Squires M, Nanette B. M, Benninga M. A, at al. Parental Knowledge of Fecal Incontinence in children. JPGN 2012; Post acceptance.10.1097/MPG.0b013e31824cf55522314394]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY, Faure C, Langendam MW, Nurko S, et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipationin infants and children: evidence-based recommendationsfrom ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014;58(2):258e7410.1097/MPG.000000000000026624345831]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Voskuijl W. P. van Ginkel, Taminiau J. A. and Benninga A. M. Loperamide Suppositories in an Adolescent with Childhood - Onset Functional Non-retentive Fecal Soiling. J. Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 2003;37(2):198-200]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Wald A, Chandra R, Gabel S and Chiponis D. Evaluation of Biofeedback in Childhood Encopresis. J.Pediatr Gatroenterol Nutr 1987;6(4):553-8]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Borch L, Hagstroem S, Bower WF, Siggaard Rittig C, Rittig S. Bladder and bowel dysfunction and the resolution of urinary incontinence with successful management of bowel symptomsin children. Acta Paediatr 2013;102(5):e215e2010.1111/apa.1215823368903]Search in Google Scholar