Effectiveness of electrochemotherapy after IFN-α adjuvant therapy of melanoma patients
Article Category: Research Article
Data publikacji: 16 lut 2016
Zakres stron: 21 - 27
Otrzymano: 20 paź 2015
Przyjęty: 30 lis 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/raon-2015-0048
Słowa kluczowe
© 2016 Radiol Oncol
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Melanoma is, due to the high risk of metastases development and its resistance to different treatment strategies, still the most lethal skin cancer. The most effective treatment for primary melanoma of stage I and II is its removal by radical surgical excision with the associated safety margin, usually followed by a sentinel lymph node biopsy. Although this approach is curative in many cases, relapse with disseminated disease occurs in some patients. Therefore, in patients with an increased risk for recurrent disease adjuvant immunotherapy might be applied.1,2
The sole recognized postsurgical adjuvant therapy still is interferon alpha (IFN-α). In several clinical studies both interferon types, the high-dose interferon alpha-2b (IFN-α2b) and low-dose interferon alpha-2a (IFN-α2a) were shown to have significant effect on progression-free survival.3–5 Recent meta-analysis showed statistically significant improvement in disease free survival and overall survival in patients with high risk melanoma (stage IIb-IIIc according to The American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] TNM Cancer Staging Manual 7th edition6) treated with adjuvant IFN-α after surgery.7,8
When melanoma recurs, other treatment modalities are needed for local or systemic control of the disease. Most commonly used are systemic chemotherapy with dacarbazine, irradiation, isolated limb perfusion or electrochemotherapy and in recent years also new targeted therapies with BRAF and/or MEK inhibitors and antibodies against CTLA-4.9,10
Electrochemotherapy is one of the treatment modalities for local treatment of malignant melanoma, which is using electroporation as a delivery system for the chemotherapeutic drugs bleomycin or cisplatin into the tumor.11–14 Under the high external electric field the plasma membrane becomes permeable, thus facilitating drug delivery into the tumors. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of electrochemotherapy on a variety of cutaneous and also deep seated tumors, such as liver metastases of colorectal cancer.15 Among cutaneous tumors, electrochemo-therapy is very effective in treatment of melanoma, with a complete response rate after a single treatment of 74%.16 Some studies have recently reported on beneficial effect on melanoma treatment after combining electrochemotherapy with new targeted therapies such as dabrafenib or ipilimumab.17,18 Furthermore, electrogene therapy with plasmids coding for interleukin-12 (IL-12) or antiangiogenic molecules, is also in clinical testing for melanoma treatment.19–22
In preclinical studies, it was shown that adjuvant therapy with TNF-α, IL-2, IL-12 and CpG oligonucleotides might boost electrochemotherapy response.23–30 However, the role of adjuvant IFN-α has not been explored yet, neither on preclinical or clinical level. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of electro-chemotherapy on recurrent melanoma after IFN-α adjuvant therapy of melanoma patients.
The study was conducted as a retrospective single-center analysis of patients with advanced malignant melanoma treated with electrochemotherapy, who previously received IFN-α adjuvant therapy, after surgery of primary melanoma. All the patient files where electrochemotherapy was performed in the last 6 years, between January 2008 and December 2014, were reviewed regardless of the time point of IFN-α adjuvant therapy. Among all the (50) patients treated with electrochemotherapy in that time period only 5 of them met the requirements and were further investigated. The trial was approved by an Institutional Review Board and National Medical Ethic Committee 97/06/02. The patients signed the informed consent before the treatment.
First the patient’s general characteristics (gender, age), the site and TNM, pathological stage (AJCC TNM Cancer Staging Manual, 7th edition) and Breslow thickness of primary melanoma were recorded. Than therapeutic dose and duration of IFN-α adjuvant therapy were recorded for each patient. The treatment free-interval between the end of IFN-α adjuvant therapy and electrochemotherapy treatment was calculated. The site and number of melanoma nodules treated with electrochemo-therapy were further recorded and afterwards effectiveness of electrochemotherapy was evaluated.
All five patients received IFN-α as a post-surgical adjuvant therapy. Patient 1 and 2 received low-dose IFN-α since the IFN-α adjuvant therapy was administered before 2010, when new guidelines for melanoma treatment at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana were accepted. Patient 1 and 2 received Roferon-A® (interferon Alfa-2a) (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) subcutaneously at a dose of 3 or 6 million IU three times a week (Table 2) for 33 and 7 months, respectively, according to the instructions of an oncologist. Patient 3, 4 and 5 received high dose interferon Intron® A (interferon a- alpha 2b) (Merck, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA) according to the Kirkwood scheme.31 The exact schedule and the dose was adjusted for each patient by his oncologist (Table 2).
Patients’ characteristics
| Patient 1 | Patient 2 | Patient 3 | Patient 4 | Patient 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Male | Female | Female | Female | |
| 1958 | 1935 | 1937 | 1953 | 1941 | |
according to AJCC TNM Cancer Staging Manual 7th edition (2010)6; ECT = electrochemotherapy | T3aNOMO | T2aNOMO | T4bN1aMO | T3aN1aMO | T4bN1aMO |
according to AJCC TNM Cancer Staging Manual 7th edition (2010)6; ECT = electrochemotherapy | Stage IIa | Stage Ib | Stage IIIb | Stage IIIa | Stage IIIb |
| 4 mm | 1.5 mm | 10 mm | 2.8 mm | 9.5 mm | |
| / | / | 10 mm | / | 2.5 mm | |
| Right lower leg | Left foot | Right foot | Right lower leg | Back | |
| Right lower leg | Left foot (dorsum) | Left lower leg | Right lower leg | Breast, left side |
Treatment regime
| Patient 1 | Patient 2 | Patient 3 | Patient 4 | Patient 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 million IU 3 × weekly (s.c.) | 3 million IU 3 × weekly (s.c.) | 35 milion IU 20 × (i.v.) in 8 weeks/15 million IU 3× weekly (s.c.) for 13 weeks/ 10 milion IU 3 × weekly (s.c.) for 13 weeks prematurelly terminated treatment due to ineffective treatment; | 30 milion IU 20 × (i.v.) in 4 weeks followed by 15 million IU 3× weekly (s.c.) for 35 weeks followd by 10 milion IU 3 × weekly (s.c.) for 12 weeks | 30 milion IU 9 × (i.v.) in 2 weeks followed by 20 milion IU 11× (i.v.) in 3 weeks followed by 15 million IU 3× weekly (s.c.) for 13 weeks intravenous dose (i.v. dose) was decreased to 20 million IU due to pathological liver tests - prematurelly terminated treatment due to side effects | |
| 2 years 9 months | 7 months | 8 months | 12 months | 4 months | |
| March 2004 | August 1998 | July 2012 | January 2012 | June 2011 | |
| 4 months | 5 years 6 months | 6 months | 3 months | 2 months | |
details on localization and number of excised metastates in paragraph Pacients’ caracteristics. | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| 4 years 8 months | 12 years 11 months | 7 months | 6 months | 7 months | |
| November 2008 | July 2011 | February 2013 | July 2013 | January 2012 | |
| Cisplatin | Cisplatin | Bleomycin | Bleomycin | Bleomycin | |
| 2 | 1 | 80 | 23 | 5 | |
| 1.0 × 1.5 cm 1.5 × 1.5 cm | 3 × 3 cm | 0.3–1 cm | 0.1–0.8 cm | 0.7–1.5 cm | |
| CR | CR | > 85% CR | All CR | 100% PR | |
after last record date at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana patients were given only paliative care at their regional centers | April 2010 (LRD) | December 2014 (LRD) | April 2014 (LRD) | December 2013 (D) | March 2013 (D) |
CR = complete response; ECT = electrochemotherapy; i.v. = intravenous; PR = partial response; s.c. = subcutaneously; s.c = subcutaneous;
Patients were treated according to the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for electrochemotherapy.16 Briefly, electrochemotherapy of cutaneous melanoma nodules was performed using either intravenous bleomycin (Bleomedac, Medac, Wedel, Germany) in a dose of 15,000 IU/m2 or intratumoral cisplatin (Cisplatin, Medac) injection in a concentration of 2 mg/ml and dose is applied according to ESOPE protocol.16 Standard pulse parameters for electrochemotherapy (voltage to distance ratio 1300 V/cm, 8 pulses, 100 μs, 5000 Hz) were used.16 Electric pulses were generated by Cliniporator pulse generator (IGEA, s.r.l., Carpi, Italy) and delivered by parallel stainless steel plate electrodes with 6 or 8 mm distance in between. Electric pulses were applied to the tumors nodules in a way so as to cover the whole tumor area, including the safety margin.
Antitumor efficacy was evaluated 4 weeks after electrochemotherapy, patient were then monitored monthly. Treatment response was defined either as complete response (CR), when the tumor was not palpable, partial response (PR), when the tumor decreased more than 50% of the measurable lesions; no change (NC), when tumor decreased less than 50% or increased up to 25%, or progressive disease (PD), when tumor increased for more than 25%. Determination was based on criteria of WHO Handbook for Reporting Results of Cancer Treatment where for all response definitions minimum 4-week duration was required for qualifying the response.
Only 5 patients fulfilled all the requirements for inclusion into this retrospective study. Among them there were two male and three female patients with a median age of electrochemotherapy treatment 71 years (range from 50–76 years). TNM and pathological stage were recorded for all five patients, as well as Breslow thickness (Table 1). The localizations of primary tumors were on the upper leg, foot or the back (Table 1). All the patients were identified as patients with high risk of recurrence and were therefore assigned for IFN-α adjuvant therapy. The relapse of melanoma occurred in all five patients. Recurrence time was variable among patients; from a few months to a few years (Table 1). Other comorbidities were also recorded for all 5 patient; only patient 2 had arterial hypertension and no other comorbidities were recorded.
Adjuvant therapy with IFN-α in our investigated patients can be divided into two subtypes; low-dose treatment for patients 1 and 2 and high dose treatment for another three patients (Table 2). After the completed adjuvant therapy with IFN-α, in all five patients disease had progressed to a meta-static disease. Disease free interval, progression of the disease and treatment procedures vary for each patient (Table 2). Based on the decision of an institutional committee for melanoma treatment, electrochemotherapy was offered to the patients as another treatment option after several surgical excisions and in patient 1 and 2 also irradiation.
In
In
Disease free interval for the
In
In
At the time of electrochemotherapy patient 2 was presented with a single metastasis on the limb, whereas patients 1, 3, 4 and 5 were presented with multiple metastases on the limb (patient 1, 3 and 4) or trunk (patient 5). All metastases present at the time of electrochemotherapy were treated. Electrochemotherapy was effective in all five patients, with a variable response rate (Table 2).
In patient 1 and 2 cisplatin was given intratumoraly due to previous irradiation of the patients. In some studies, it was reported that previous irradiation can cause lower effectiveness of i.v. electro-chemotherapy.32 Fibrosis can be one of the causes for lower effectiveness. Less fluid in the tissue results in less lymphatic infiltration and also lower current in the nodule and can therefore contribute to the lower effectiveness of electrochemotherapy of pre-iradiated tissues. Intratumoral injection of chemotherapeutic drug can overcome those obstacles and can results in higher effectiveness.
Electrochemotherapy following IFN-α adjuvant therapy was effective treatment modality, regardless of drug used for electrochemotherapy, bleomycin or cisplatin. Single metastasis responded completely, while multiple metastases had a variable response rate. In patient 4 all 23 metastases responded completely, in patient 3 more than 85% of all together 80 metastases responded completely and in patient 5 all 5 metastases had partial response. Taking into account all metastases from all patients together there was an 85% complete response rate. After electrochemotherapy no side effects, such as local erythema, bleeding, infection on the site of electrochemotherapy, or muscle contractions, were reported. Nevertheless new metastases mostly occurred within 1 month (patients 1, 3 and 5) or 2 months (patient 4) after the treatment. In patient 2, with a single metastasis at the time of electrochemotherapy, new metastases occurred after 1 year and 10 months. In patient 1 additional electrochemotherapy of 14 new lesions was performed thereafter, which also resulted in 100% complete response. Nevertheless the disease progressed and although systemic chemotherapy with dacarbazine was administered, new distant metastases in the head and neck region occurred. Electrochemotherapy was then used for palliative care. In patient 2 disease also progressed and due to several metastases, isolated limb perfusion was performed 4 years after electrochemotherapy. No new metastasis occurred yet. Dacarbazine and later also ipilimumab were prescribed for patient 3 with progressive metastatic disease, with metastases present also in liver and lungs. In patient 4 new subcutaneous metastases were effectively irradiated and year after brain metastasis occurred. Electrochemotherapy response in all those patients (patient 1–4) remains the same during the whole observational period. Due to partial response of all 5 metastases in patient 5, these metastases and 12 newly formed metastases on the trunk were again treated with electrochemotherapy, 6 weeks after the first treatment. After the second electrochemotherapy treatment all 17 metastases (including 5 retreated metastases) responded completely. The patient was later treated with dacarbazine and vemurafenib due to soft tissue and lung metastases, but disease progressed with new metastases in lungs and brain.
Figure 1.
Melanoma lesions in patient 1
This is the first study to our knowledge which discusses the effectiveness of electrochemotherapy after IFN-α adjuvant therapy for treatment of melanoma metastases.
In recent years electrochemotherapy has been widely used in clinical studies for treatment of cutaneous and also deep seated tumors. Among skin cancers electrochemotherapy was very effective in the treatment of malignant melanoma, with a complete response rate after single treatment 74%, according to ESOPE study.16 Although the electrochemotherapy response rate is quite high, and effective on most of tumor histologies, recently there is some evidence that there is a variability in the response rates of different tumor histologies. The meta-analysis by Mali
Furthermore, the importance of the immune response elicited by electrochemotherapy locally was explored.34,35 Immunogenic cell death of cancer cells was proposed to contribute to the curability of the treated metastases. The concept of immunogenic cell death, which is triggered by some cancer therapies, is initiated by damage-associated molecular patterns, which can further trigger an adaptive immune response against tumors.34 Some pre-clinical studies have explored the possibility of adjuvant electrogene therapy with plasmid encoding IL-12, which greatly increase the response rate of the electrochemotherapy treated tumors.30 The recent clinical study, investigating the combined treatment of ipilimumab and electrochemotherapy has shown a better response than ipilimumab alone.17
In this report we show that electrochemotherapy was safe and effective also after IFN-α therapy. IFN-α, although given to the patients in different periods before electrochemotherapy may also contribute to the response rate of the electrochemotherapy treated melanoma metastases. Namely, response rate in patients with electrochemotherapy after adjuvant IFN-α was 100% partial response (patient 5) or from 85% to 100% complete response (patient 1, 3 and 4) in patients with multiple metastases, which is an equal or even higher percentage than demonstrated in previous studies; 85% of metastases responded completely in the present study, while the results of meta-analysis showed that 57% of melanoma metastases responded completely.16,33
We might speculate that the effectiveness may be increased by the previous immunostimulatory IFN-α adjuvant therapy, which would be reflected in high response rate of the treated tumors. IFN-α is one of the type I interferons, an important interferon family, involved in immune-editing process. Their main importance is the effect on the hematopoietic cells; induction of bystander T cell proliferation, long-term survival and expression of anti-apoptotic genes.36–37 Furthermore, interferons have also great impact on maturation and differentiation of dendritic cells, cells which are considered to be the most effective antigen presenting cells.34 Taking all this findings into account, IFN-α might have a significant role in a link between the innate and adaptive immune system. Similarly, new targeted therapy with ipilimumab acts on dendritic cells - cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) interaction. Dendritic cells are presenting tumor antigens to CTLs, which can then destroy cancer cells. But along with tumor antigens the dendritic cells present also an inhibitory signal, which can bind to a receptor on the CTLs; cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and thereby block the cytotoxicity of CTL. Ipilimumab binds to CTLA-4 and block the inhibitory signal.38,39
One of the possible reasons for the very good efficiacy of electrochemotherapy, following IFN-α adjuvant therapy is immune system activation by electrochemotherapy, which was previously modulated by IFN-α.40 Calvet
The drawback of our study is that we have no data on the immune status of the patients and that this is an observational study. Nevertheless, although this group of patients is small it might indicate on the potential of combining immunostimulatory treatments with electrochemotherapy, which can be explored in different ways. One of the recent ideas is that electrochemotherapy can serve as a vaccination to adjuvant peritumoral immunostimulatory therapy that can boost the local effect as well it may have the systemic effect.42
The report demonstrates that combining electrochemotherapy with preceded IFN-α adjuvant therapy is a safe and effective treatment modality, which results in high complete response rate, not only in single metastasis, but also in multiple metastases. The high complete response rate might be due to IFN-α immune-editing effect, however further controlled studies on a larger number of patients are needed to support this presumption.