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How many indicator species are required to assess the ecological status of a river?

Anna Budka
Anna Budka
   | 14 mar 2019
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Article Category: Original research paper
Data publikacji: 14 mar 2019
Zakres stron: 1 - 12
Otrzymano: 12 mar 2018
Przyjęty: 31 lip 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2019-0001
© 2019 Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Location of the survey sites (n=100)
Location of the survey sites (n=100)

Figure 2

Venn diagram analysis of taxonomic differentiation of the five trophic classes (I–V). Numbers show the distribution of shared species.
Venn diagram analysis of taxonomic differentiation of the five trophic classes (I–V). Numbers show the distribution of shared species.

Figure 3

Division of sites in terms of the sample completeness criterion in individual water quality classes (vertical line – average number of species; horizontal line – average information necessary to determine the MIR; highlighted area contains sites that do not meet both criteria)
Division of sites in terms of the sample completeness criterion in individual water quality classes (vertical line – average number of species; horizontal line – average information necessary to determine the MIR; highlighted area contains sites that do not meet both criteria)

Species profiles for macrophytes and the Perkal indices Pe Li,Wi and Pe ln(1/Si),ln(1/Di)

Taxa Perkal indices
PeLi,Wi Peln(1/Si),ln(1/Di)
Amblystegium riparium −2.94 0.23
Potamogeton pectinatus −2.94 −1.85
Rhizoclonium sp. −2.94 −1.28
Stigeoclonium sp. −2.94 3.04
Phalaris arundinacea −2.39 −3.26
Ranunculus sceleratus −2.39 1.12
Stachys palustris −2.39 −1.46
Vaucheria sp. −2.39 −0.06
Glyceria maxima −1.85 −2.91
Polygonum hydropiper −1.85 0.14
Rorippa amphibia -1.85 -2.00
Sparganium erectum −1.85 −2.70
Cladophora sp. −1.42 −2.09
Enteromorpha sp. −1.42 2.86
Carex acutiformis −1.31 −0.73
Hippuris vulgaris −1.31 3.99
Lysimachia vulgaris −1.31 1.17
Myosoti s palustris −1.31 −2.17
Oedogonium sp./Ulothrix −1.31 0.51
Polygonum amphibium −1.31 0.78
Potamogeton natans −1.31 −0.63
Rumex hydrolapathum −1.31 −1.78
Scrophularia umbrosa −1.31 −1.35
Veronica beccabunga −1.31 −0.77
Lemna minor −0.88 −3.57
Polygonum persicaria −0.88 0.21
Spirodela polyrhiza −0.88 −1.92
Typha latifolia −0.88 −1.42
Carex acuta −0.77 −0.34
Carex paniculata −0.77 0.49
Catabrosa aquati ca −0.77 0.57
Glyceria plicata −0.77 2.55
Hydrocotyle vulgaris −0.77 2.60
Mentha aquati ca −0.77 −2.05
Oenanthe aquati ca −0.77 1.38
Rhynchostegium riparioides −0.77 2.85
Myriophyllum spicatum −0.33 −0.11
Potamogeton nodosus −0.33 1.21
Typha angustifolia −0.33 0.84
Lemna gibba 0.10 −1.38
Alisma plantago-aquati ca 0.21 -1.60
Berula erecta 0.21 −3.06
Carex riparia 0.21 −1.67
Lemna trisulca 0.21 −1.33
Nuphar lutea 0.21 −2.30
Potamogeton compressus 0.21 1.10
Potamogeton crispus 0.21 −1.54
Potamogeton perfoliatus 0.21 −0.58
Potamogeton pusillus 0.21 1.69
Sagittaria sagittifolia 0.21 −2.96
Scirpus lacustris 0.21 2.22
Sparganium emersum 0.21 −3.33
Veronica anagallis-aquati ca 0.21 −2.50
Conocepohalum conicum 0.32 2.00
Sium lati folium 0.32 −1.52
Acorus calamus 0.64 −0.47
Ceratophyllum demersum 0.64 −2.24
Ceratophyllum submersum 0.64 0.92
Butomus umbellatus 0.75 −1.41
Elodea canadensis 0.75 −3.30
Equisetum palustre 0.75 0.08
Glyceria fluitans 0.75 −1.23
Nasturtium officinale 0.75 2.85
Peucedanum palustre 0.75 2.85
Potamogeton obtusifolius 0.75 3.25
Ranunculus circinatus 0.75 0.56
Scirpus sylvaticus 0.75 −1.56
Calla palustris 1.29 3.11
Caltha palustris 1.29 0.73
Carex vesicaria 1.29 1.24
Cicuta virosa 1.29 0.13
Eleocharis palustris 1.29 2.18
Equisetum fluviatile 1.29 −1.58
Fontinalis anti pyretica 1.29 −0.40
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae 1.29 −1.30
Iris pseudacorus 1.29 −2.04
Nymphaea alba 1.29 2.07
Ranunculus trichophyllus 1.29 1.16
Viola palustris 1.40 3.41
Potamogeton lucens 1.73 0.42
Ranunculus peltatus 1.73 2.43
Potamogeton alpinus 1.83 3.63
Ranunculus fluitans 1.83 −0.48
Ranunculus aquatilis 2.27 −0.21
Calliergonella cuspidata 2.38 2.22
Ranunculus lingua 2.38 0.56
Carex rostrata 2.81 1.62
Potamogeton praelongus 2.81 0.04
Lysimachia thyrsiflora 3.35 2.69
Menyanthes trifoliata 4.44 2.78

Indicator values of Li and Wi for macrophytes and determined Si (percentage cover) and Di (incidence) and their informative value (i=1, 2,…, 90)

Taxa Li Wi Pi Si ln(1/Si) Di ln(1/Di)
Acorus calamus 2 3 1 0.007 4.955 0.006 5.053
Alisma plantago-aquati ca 4 2 1 0.012 4.465 0.019 3.953
Amblystegium riparium 1 1 1 0.003 5.902 0.006 5.170
Berula erecta 4 2 1 0.048 3.028 0.039 3.242
Butomus umbellatus 5 2 1 0.012 4.412 0.014 4.253
Calla palustris 6 2 1 0.000 7.955 0.001 7.249
Calliergonella cuspidata 8 2 2 0.001 6.586 0.001 7.249
Caltha palustris 6 2 1 0.003 5.869 0.003 5.863
Carex acuta 5 1 2 0.004 5.570 0.009 4.684
Carex acutiformis 4 1 4 0.006 5.050 0.010 4.610
Carex paniculata 5 1 2 0.002 6.143 0.005 5.303
Carex riparia 4 2 1 0.017 4.074 0.015 4.205
Carex rostrata 6 3 5 0.003 5.658 0.001 7.249
Carex vesicaria 6 2 2 0.002 6.334 0.002 6.151
Catabrosa aquatica 5 1 2 0.003 5.875 0.004 5.640
Ceratophyllum demersum 2 3 1 0.033 3.397 0.018 4.030
Ceratophyllum submersum 2 3 1 0.003 5.843 0.002 6.151
Cicuta virosa 6 2 2 0.004 5.583 0.005 5.303
Cladophora sp. 1 2 3 0.025 3.678 0.018 3.991
Conocepohalum conicum 7 1 5 0.002 6.254 0.001 7.249
Eleocharis palustris 6 2 2 0.001 7.309 0.001 6.556
Elodea canadensis 5 2 2 0.070 2.666 0.039 3.242
Enteromorpha sp. 1 2 2 0.001 7.563 0.001 7.249
Equisetum fluviatile 6 2 2 0.017 4.093 0.014 4.305
Equisetum palustre 5 2 2 0.003 5.794 0.006 5.052
Fontinalis anti pyretica 6 2 1 0.007 4.923 0.006 5.170
Glyceria fluitans 5 2 2 0.012 4.436 0.011 4.477
Glyceria maxima 3 1 2 0.036 3.324 0.041 3.189
Glyceria plicata 5 1 2 0.001 7.090 0.001 7.249
Hippuris vulgaris 4 1 1 0.000 9.306 0.001 7.249
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae 6 2 1 0.013 4.329 0.011 4.477
Hydrocotyle vulgaris 5 1 2 0.001 7.170 0.001 7.249
Iris pseudacorus 6 2 2 0.021 3.880 0.021 3.882
Lemna gibba 1 3 7 0.021 3.879 0.009 4.764
Lemna minor 2 2 2 0.075 2.590 0.053 2.945
Lemna trisulca 4 2 1 0.011 4.482 0.014 4.305
Lysimachia thyrsiflora 7 3 1 0.001 7.313 0.001 7.249
Lysimachia vulgaris 4 1 1 0.001 6.805 0.004 5.640
Mentha aquati ca 5 1 1 0.014 4.245 0.029 3.536
Menyanthes trifoliata 9 3 1 0.001 7.444 0.001 7.249
Myosoti s palustris 4 1 1 0.015 4.219 0.033 3.399
Myriophyllum spicatum 3 2 1 0.005 5.226 0.005 5.303
Nasturtium officinale 5 2 1 0.001 7.550 0.001 7.249
Nuphar lutea 4 2 2 0.030 3.513 0.021 3.848
Nymphaea alba 6 2 1 0.001 7.137 0.001 6.556
Oedogonium sp./Ulothrix 4 1 1 0.002 6.166 0.005 5.303
Oenanthe aquati ca 5 1 2 0.001 6.869 0.003 5.863
Peucedanum palustre 5 2 1 0.001 7.550 0.001 7.249
Phalaris arundinacea 2 1 2 0.050 3.004 0.050 3.001
Polygonum amphibium 4 1 1 0.001 6.592 0.005 5.303
Polygonum hydropiper 3 1 2 0.002 6.011 0.007 4.947
Polygonum persicaria 2 2 1 0.003 5.717 0.005 5.303
Potamogeton alpinus 7 2 1 0.000 8.748 0.001 7.249
Potamogeton compressus 4 2 2 0.002 6.120 0.002 6.151
Potamogeton crispus 4 2 1 0.017 4.095 0.013 4.359
Potamogeton lucens 4 3 6 0.005 5.391 0.003 5.863
Potamogeton natans 4 1 3 0.006 5.130 0.009 4.684
Potamogeton nodosus 3 2 1 0.002 6.290 0.002 6.151
Potamogeton obtusifolius 5 2 1 0.000 8.161 0.001 7.249
Potamogeton pectinatus 1 1 3 0.020 3.897 0.016 4.114
Potamogeton perfoliatus 4 2 3 0.008 4.788 0.006 5.052
Potamogeton praelongus 6 3 3 0.005 5.284 0.004 5.457
Potamogeton pusillus 4 2 2 0.001 6.558 0.001 6.556
Ranunculus aquatilis 5 3 2 0.009 4.689 0.004 5.640
Ranunculus circinatus 5 2 1 0.003 5.870 0.004 5.640
Ranunculus fluitans 7 2 2 0.009 4.659 0.005 5.303
Ranunculus lingua 8 2 1 0.004 5.621 0.003 5.863
Ranunculus peltatus 4 3 2 0.001 6.908 0.001 7.249
Ranunculus sceleratus 2 1 1 0.001 6.727 0.004 5.640
Ranunculus trichophyllus 6 2 4 0.002 6.201 0.002 6.151
Rhizoclonium sp. 1 1 1 0.013 4.363 0.011 4.477
Rhynchostegium riparioides 5 1 2 0.001 7.550 0.001 7.249
Rorippa amphibia 3 1 2 0.014 4.264 0.028 3.586
Rumex hydrolapathum 4 1 2 0.010 4.616 0.028 3.586
Sagittaria sagittifolia 4 2 3 0.047 3.052 0.035 3.357
Scirpus lacustris 4 2 1 0.001 7.376 0.001 6.556
Scirpus sylvaticus 5 2 2 0.015 4.190 0.014 4.253
Scrophularia umbrosa 4 1 2 0.008 4.772 0.018 4.030
Sium lati folium 7 1 1 0.010 4.592 0.019 3.953
Sparganium emersum 4 2 2 0.069 2.668 0.041 3.206
Sparganium erectum 3 1 1 0.030 3.498 0.036 3.317
Spirodela polyrhiza 2 2 1 0.016 4.162 0.023 3.783
Stachys palustris 2 1 1 0.008 4.771 0.021 3.882
Stigeoclonium sp . 1 1 2 0.000 7.844 0.001 7.249
Typha angustifolia 3 2 2 0.002 6.040 0.003 5.863
Typha latifolia 2 2 3 0.014 4.287 0.013 4.359
Vaucheria sp . 2 1 1 0.003 5.904 0.009 4.764
Veronica anagallis-aquati ca 4 2 2 0.029 3.538 0.028 3.560
Veronica beccabunga 4 1 1 0.005 5.277 0.013 4.359
Viola palustris 9 1 1 0.000 8.412 0.001 7.249

Descriptive statistics: maximum, minimum, mean and median values for the information value ln(1/Di) of plants found in five quality classes

ln(1/Di) class I class II class III class IV class V
ln(1/Di)max 4.80 4.40 4.70 4.10 4.20
ln(1/Di)min. 3.60 3.40 3.40 3.50 3.50
ln(1/Di)mean 4.19 4.03 3.94 3.78 3.80
ln(1/Di)med 4.20 4.00 3.90 3.70 3.80

Maximum, minimum, mean and median MIR values in five quality classes

MIR class I class II class III class IV class V
MIRmax 56.11 46.67 46.90 38.00 38.70
MIRmin. 35.77 34.09 32.41 20.78 18.29
MIRmean 43.32 39.29 37.94 32.02 29.01
MIRmed 42.98 39.31 38.06 33.13 29.06

Information mean values for ln(1/D) at the study sites in five quality classes

class I class II class III class IV class V
ST SP MI ST SP MI ST SP MI ST SP MI ST SP MI
32 8 4.6 30 12 4.0 3 28 4.3 4 14 3.6 79 17 3.8
36 19 4.4 38 14 3.9 14 12 3.7 8 14 3.7 82 18 3.6
37 17 4.1 43 10 3.8 58 23 3.9 63 12 3.8 84 10 3.9
39 10 3.6 49 14 4.0 66 17 3.7 200 14 3.9 95 10 4.2
224 19 4.4 51 14 3.9 109 13 4.1 238 14 4.1 170 13 3.5
237 9 4.0 137 9 3.4 141 6 3.4 259 12 3.7 171 21 4.1
529 6 4.3 140 13 3.8 210 12 4.7 295 12 3.8 176 14 3.9
591 11 3.9 143 14 3.8 226 14 4.0 427 11 4.0 190 16 4.0
598 10 4.8 151 14 4.4 236 19 3.9 429 8 3.7 243 18 3.8
599 15 3.8 153 9 4.1 435 12 3.7 432 12 3.6 260 17 4.0
601 10 4.7 201 14 3.9 439 17 3.8 444 11 3.7 262 13 3.8
616 21 4.5 256 14 3.6 451 8 4.4 474 7 3.5 277 11 3.5
639 12 3.7 423 14 4.4 462 17 3.9 475 10 3.6 426 18 3.9
640 28 4.5 452 7 4.4 469 10 3.7 530 14 4.0 430 6 3.6
645 24 4.3 600 11 4.3 531 16 3.6 562 11 3.5 437 6 3.8
647 18 4.6 602 13 4.0 552 11 4.3 573 8 4.0 438 7 3.6
686 22 3.9 625 14 4.4 634 21 4.0 628 10 3.7 443 9 3.6
693 21 4.0 630 11 4.1 694 14 3.7 670 25 4.0 549 9 3.7
703 10 3.9 641 14 4.2 697 20 3.9 671 14 3.9 650 13 4.1
723 14 3.8 699 14 4.1 707 14 4.0 713 10 3.7 667 14 3.6
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