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Temporal variability of enterococci and associated sources at three subtropical recreational beaches

Claudia Esmeralda León-López
Claudia Esmeralda León-López
, 
José Alfredo Arreola-Lizárraga
José Alfredo Arreola-Lizárraga
, 
Gustavo Padilla-Arredondo
Gustavo Padilla-Arredondo
, 
Jorge Eduardo Chávez-Villalba
Jorge Eduardo Chávez-Villalba
, 
Renato Arturo Mendoza-Salgado
Renato Arturo Mendoza-Salgado
, 
Lía Celina Méndez-Rodríguez
Lía Celina Méndez-Rodríguez
 oraz 
Jaqueline García-Hernández
Jaqueline García-Hernández
   | 03 gru 2018
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Article Category: Original research paper
Data publikacji: 03 gru 2018
Zakres stron: 327 - 336
Otrzymano: 17 sty 2018
Przyjęty: 19 kwi 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2018-0031
© 2018 Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Location of the studied beaches (Los Algodones, San Francisco and Miramar) and sampling sites (dots) at each of them
Location of the studied beaches (Los Algodones, San Francisco and Miramar) and sampling sites (dots) at each of them

Figure 2

Mean monthly rainfall (2004–2014) in the area where the studied beaches (Los Algodones, San Francisco and Miramar) are located
Mean monthly rainfall (2004–2014) in the area where the studied beaches (Los Algodones, San Francisco and Miramar) are located

Figure 3

Wind direction and speed during 20 days prior to the sampling campaigns: a) March 16–April 6, b) 1–21 April, c) April 26–May 17, d) May 22–June 14, e) 9–30 January, f) January 15–February 5, g) January 22–February 12
Wind direction and speed during 20 days prior to the sampling campaigns: a) March 16–April 6, b) 1–21 April, c) April 26–May 17, d) May 22–June 14, e) 9–30 January, f) January 15–February 5, g) January 22–February 12

Figure 4

a) Rainfall during the three weeks prior to each sampling campaign and sea surface temperature at the time of sampling, b) Influx of users at the time of sampling, c–e) Concentration of enterococci in water: before (1), during (2), after the Easter Week (3 and 4), and in the wintertime (5, 6 and 7) at the three studied beaches: c) Los Algodones, d) San Francisco, and e) Miramar. The dotted line indicates the maximum concentration of enterococci (100 MPN 100 ml−1) allowed for the sustainability of beaches in Mexico (SE 2016). The continuous line indicates the reference value for public health risks by the World Health Organization (WHO 2003).
a) Rainfall during the three weeks prior to each sampling campaign and sea surface temperature at the time of sampling, b) Influx of users at the time of sampling, c–e) Concentration of enterococci in water: before (1), during (2), after the Easter Week (3 and 4), and in the wintertime (5, 6 and 7) at the three studied beaches: c) Los Algodones, d) San Francisco, and e) Miramar. The dotted line indicates the maximum concentration of enterococci (100 MPN 100 ml−1) allowed for the sustainability of beaches in Mexico (SE 2016). The continuous line indicates the reference value for public health risks by the World Health Organization (WHO 2003).

Figure 5

a) Rainfall during the three weeks prior to each sampling campaign and sea surface temperature at the time of sampling, b) Influx of users at the time of sampling, c–e) Concentration of enterococci in dry and wet sand: before (1), during (2), after the Easter Week (3 and 4), and in the wintertime (5, 6 and 7) at the three studied beaches: c) Los Algodones, d) San Francisco, and e) Miramar
a) Rainfall during the three weeks prior to each sampling campaign and sea surface temperature at the time of sampling, b) Influx of users at the time of sampling, c–e) Concentration of enterococci in dry and wet sand: before (1), during (2), after the Easter Week (3 and 4), and in the wintertime (5, 6 and 7) at the three studied beaches: c) Los Algodones, d) San Francisco, and e) Miramar

Summary of the main features and environmental characteristics of the studied beaches

Feature Beaches
Los Algodones San Francisco Miramar
Type of site Bay Open beach Bay
Beach length used ~1.8 km ~1.5 km ~1 km
Beach area used ~9000 m2 ~7500 m2 ~5000 m2
Coast type Micromareal (tidal range < 1 m) Micromareal (tidal range < 1 m) Micromareal (tidal range < 1 m)
Wave height < 1 m < 1 m <1 m
Surrounding land Shrubs Sand dunes Shrubs Sand dunes Mangrove forest Urban development
Residential Residential Residential
Human activity Hotel Trails Hotel
Trails Streets
Commerce Commerce
Domestic animals Domestic animals Domestic animals
Animals Sea birds Sea birds Sea birds
Horses
Summertime: Southeast Summertime: Southeast Summertime: Southeast
Prevailing winds Wintertime: Northwest Wintertime: Northwest Wintertime: Northwest
Summertime: Southeast Summertime: Southeast Summertime: Southeast
Prevailing coastal currents Wintertime: Northwest Wintertime: Northwest Wintertime: Northwest
< 300 mm yr−1 < 300 mm yr−1 < 300 mm yr−1
Annual rainfall and seasonal distribution Mostly summertime Mostly summertime Mostly summertime
Sewage discharges identified No No Yes
Stormwater mixed with wastewater Likely influence Likely influence Yes
Ships Occasional Occasional Occasional

Water environmental variables recorded at the three studied beaches: Los Algodones, San Francisco, and Miramar

Los Algodones San Francisco Miramar
Min.–Max Average SD Min.–Max Average SD Min.–Max Average SD
Temperature (°C) 17.6–31.5 21.50 4.74 18.3–31.5 21.81 4.23 17.2–30.4 21.53 4.41
Salinity (PSU) 30.3–36.8 35.08 1.93 29.7–36.8 34.97 1.84 30.4–36.9 35.13 1.89
Dissolved oxygen (mgl−1) 3.2–7.5 6.19 1.38 3.4–7.7 6.26 1.26 5.8–8.1 7.04 0.71
pH 7.8–8.6 8.28 0.25 7.8–8.7 8.32 0.30 7.4–8.7 8.31 0.33

Water quality criteria for primary contact recreational use established by the World Health Organization

95th percentile value of intestinal enterococci/100 ml (rounded values) Estimated risk per exposure
0–40 < 1% GI disease risk/< 0.3 AFRI risk
41–200 1–5% GI disease risk/0.3–1.9% AFRI risk
201–500 5–10% GI disease risk/1.9–3.9% AFRI risk
> 500 > 10% GI disease risk/> 3.9% AFRI risk
GI: Gastrointestinal, AFRI: Acute febrile respiratory illness
eISSN:
1897-3191
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
4 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Chemistry, other, Geosciences, Life Sciences
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