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Distribution and speciation of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and P in surface sediments of Lake Mariut, Egypt

Amaal M. Abdel-Satar
Amaal M. Abdel-Satar
, 
Mohamed H. Ali
Mohamed H. Ali
 oraz 
Mohamed E. Goher
Mohamed E. Goher
   | 31 maj 2017
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Article Category: Original research paper
Data publikacji: 31 maj 2017
Zakres stron: 154 - 167
Otrzymano: 31 sie 2016
Przyjęty: 28 paź 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2017-0016
© Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland. All rights reserved.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Map of sediment sampling sites at Lake Mariut
Map of sediment sampling sites at Lake Mariut

Figure 2

Cluster diagram indicating connection of the sites
Cluster diagram indicating connection of the sites

Figure 3

Bar diagrams indicating ICF at surficial sediments of Lake Mariut
Bar diagrams indicating ICF at surficial sediments of Lake Mariut

Figure 4

Trend of GCF at surficial sediments of Lake Mariut
Trend of GCF at surficial sediments of Lake Mariut

Figure 5

Total P and relative contribution of each organic and inorganic P fraction in Lake Mariut sediment
Total P and relative contribution of each organic and inorganic P fraction in Lake Mariut sediment

Figure 6

Phosphorus fractions concentration in Lake Mariut sediments
Phosphorus fractions concentration in Lake Mariut sediments

Figure 7

Relative contribution of each Inorg-P fraction to the sum of total inorganic phosphorus in Lake Mariut sediment
Relative contribution of each Inorg-P fraction to the sum of total inorganic phosphorus in Lake Mariut sediment

Physical and chemical characteristicsCited from El-Shabrawy and Goher (2011) of Lake Mariut water

Variable Units Value
Surface area km2 62
Water depth m 50-150
Altitude -2.8
Natural trophic status   Hypertrophic
Transparency cm 20-60
Salinity PSU 2.8-4.0
Dissolved oxygen (DO) mg l-1 0.0-12.0
pH   7.0-8.6

Mobility factors of different metals in Lake Mariut sediment

Site ƒ Fe ƒ Mn ƒ Zn ƒ Cu ƒPb
AQS 2.23 5.44 3.05 1.61 3.67
AQN 2.33 4.72 2.84 1.75 1.68
WBS 2.23 3.73 2.54 1.38 1.73
WBN 2.21 4.21 3.21 1.27 1.32
MBE 2.26 4.57 3.35 1.29 1.33
MBS 2.21 4.40 2.94 1.54 2.28
MBN 2.29 4.85 3.05 1.62 1.82
SBS 2.30 3.91 2.36 1.85 2.97
SBW 2.18 4.47 2.61 1.82 1.83
SBE 2.18 4.90 2.85 1.91 2.60

Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines (μg g-1) for the protection of aquatic life (CCME, 2001)

Freshwater Marine
TEL PEL TEL PEL
Zn 123 315 124 271
Cu 35.7 197 18.7 108
Pb 35 91.3 30.2 112

Correlations between different phosphorus fractions in sediments

Lsor-P Fe-P Al-P Ca-P Org -P Inorg -P Total-P
Available-P 1.00            
Fe-P 0.21 1.00          
Al-P 0.30 -0.05 1.00        
Ca-P 0.57 -0.26 0.67

P < 0.05

 1.00      
Org -P 0.47 0.31 0.62 0.42 1.00    
Inorg -P 0.60 -0.02 0.89

P < 0.01; n = 10

 0.91

P < 0.01; n = 10

 0.63 1.00  
Total P 0.59 0.17 0.83

P < 0.01; n = 10

 0.73

P < 0.05

 0.91

P < 0.01; n = 10

 0.90

P < 0.01; n = 10

 1.00

Results of grain sizePersonal communication with Dr. Hassan Farahat (NIOF) and the level of organic matter and carbonate for Lake Mariut sediment

Site Name Site code Gravel(%) Sand(%) Mud(%) Type OM

Unpublished data

(%)		 Carbonate

Unpublished data

(%)
Aquaculture Basin (south) AQS 0.00 43.70 56.30 Sandy mud 18.00 41.2
Aquaculture Basin (north) AQN 0.05 71.71 28.24 Gravelly muddy sand 10.53 31.4
West Basin (south) WBS 1.02 49.8 49.18 Gravelly muddy sand 10.11 49.0
West Basin (north) WBN 2.36 67.88 29.76 Gravelly muddy sand 13.94 50.2
Main Basin (east) MBE 0.11 72.88 27.01 Gravelly muddy sand 17.86 29.6
Main Basin (south) MBS 0.00 72.55 27.45 Muddy sand 14.01 34.3
Main Basin (north) MBN 0.00 65.76 34.24 Muddy sand 13.08 37.0
South Basin (south) SBS 2.69 64.07 33.24 Gravelly muddy sand 6.26 24.7
South Basin (west) SBW 3.05 80.51 16.44 Gravelly muddy sand 7.52 39.2
South Basin (east) SBE 3.96 71.45 24.59 Gravelly muddy sand 5.72 25.0

Metal enrichment factors with respect to the background level in surface Mariut sediments

Rang SD Mean
Mn 12.0-14.7 0.84 13.7
Zn 34.3-61.2 7.72 48.6
Cu 27.4-89.0 21.51 46.9
Pb 44.5-107.6 21.25 64.2

Sequential extraction scheme for heavy metals

Extraction step Reactive/concentration/pH Solid phase
1 1 M MgCl2 (pH = 7) Exchangeable fraction (F1)
2 1 M CH3COONa, CH3COOH (pH = 5) Carbonate bound fraction (F2)
3 0.04 M NH2OH.HCl, CH3COOH (pH = 2, 96±3oC) Fe/Mn oxides bound fraction (F3)
4 H2O2 (HNO3 pH = 2, 85 ±2oC), 3M CH3COONH4 Organic matter and sulfide bound fraction (F4)
5 HNO3:HClO4 (4:1) (150oC) Residual fraction (F5)

Distribution of heavy metals in Lake Mariut sediment

Metal Site F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 TM Recovery
μg g-1 % μg g-1 % μg g-1 % μg g-1 % μg g-1 % μg g-1 %
Fe AQS 6.4 0.7 12.2 1.4 273.4 31.4 187.0 21.5 390.7 44.9 911 95.5
AQN 6.4 0.7 12.2 1.4 298.2 32.9 200.2 22.1 388.8 42.9 898 100.9
WBS 6.4 0.7 12.2 1.4 248.5 28.7 211.2 24.4 388.8 44.8 901 96.2
WBN 6.4 0.8 16.1 1.9 248.5 29.5 191.0 22.7 381.1 45.2 851 99.1
MBE 6.4 0.7 16.1 1.9 271.3 31.4 187.5 21.7 383.3 44.3 912 94.8
MBS 6.9 0.8 16.1 1.9 271.3 31.7 174.3 20.4 387.4 45.3 909 94.2
MBN 6.9 0.8 16.1 1.8 301.3 34.0 174.3 19.7 387.4 43.7 920 96.3
SBS 6.4 0.7 20.2 2.3 278.2 31.9 187.0 21.5 379.3 43.5 911 95.6
SBW 6.4 0.8 12.2 1.5 242.5 29.0 191.0 22.8 384.4 46.0 860 97.3
SBE 9.0 1.1 12.2 1.5 242.6 28.9 191.0 22.8 384.4 45.8 858 97.8
Mn AQS 19.31 7.77 64.00 25.76 62.62 25.21 56.84 22.88 45.65 18.38 260.3 95.5
AQN 10.44 5.01 66.12 31.74 70.91 34.03 16.70 8.01 44.18 21.20 227.4 91.6
WBS 17.84 7.45 69.03 28.83 71.53 29.87 16.75 7.00 64.27 26.84 248.8 96.2
WBN 25.94 11.15 66.85 28.73 67.77 29.12 16.93 7.27 55.22 23.73 254.4 91.5
MBE 15.13 7.55 59.93 29.91 60.21 30.05 21.22 10.59 43.89 21.90 222.4 90.1
MBS 37.24 14.10 72.13 27.30 71.87 27.20 22.91 8.67 60.08 22.74 259.2 101.9
MBN 25.74 9.82 70.31 26.83 68.25 26.04 43.68 16.67 54.08 20.64 255.8 102.4
SBS 16.28 6.74 67.82 28.07 72.42 29.97 23.39 9.68 61.75 25.55 248.7 97.2
SBW 10.12 4.13 65.33 26.67 67.30 27.48 47.36 19.34 54.83 22.39 248.0 98.8
SBE 10.12 3.92 66.55 25.79 68.23 26.44 60.54 23.46 52.65 20.40 250.0 103.2
Zn AQS 3.91 4.33 16.97 18.80 29.37 32.54 10.39 11.51 29.63 32.82 87.55 103.1
AQN 4.17 5.58 10.72 14.33 28.49 38.09 5.11 6.83 26.31 35.17 80.03 93.5
WBS 4.04 5.90 9.90 14.46 22.53 32.91 5.07 7.40 26.92 39.32 76.73 89.2
WBN 5.67 5.63 27.47 27.26 31.11 30.88 5.08 5.04 31.42 31.19 99.45 101.3
MBE 8.98 8.26 30.19 27.78 31.85 29.31 5.19 4.77 32.45 29.86 111.60 97.4
MBS 5.35 7.10 15.38 20.38 23.94 31.73 5.09 6.75 25.68 34.04 83.08 90.8
MBN 5.03 5.58 20.33 22.54 27.40 30.38 7.87 8.73 29.58 32.78 95.23 94.7
SBS 4.36 7.86 2.57 4.64 19.78 35.65 5.28 9.52 23.49 42.34 62.45 88.8
SBW 4.36 5.90 11.50 15.57 24.15 32.69 5.59 7.57 28.27 38.27 84.63 87.3
SBE 5.61 6.31 15.86 17.82 29.14 32.74 7.20 8.09 31.18 35.04 86.78 102.6
Cu AQS 1.39 4.51 3.16 10.27 3.62 11.79 3.52 11.46 19.05 61.97 28.30 108.6
AQN 0.41 1.92 2.74 12.92 3.31 15.64 2.59 12.22 12.14 57.30 24.73 85.7
WBS 0.73 1.96 3.31 8.93 3.48 9.39 2.70 7.28 26.86 72.45 43.05 86.1
WBN 1.40 2.33 4.60 7.66 3.90 6.49 2.82 4.70 47.33 78.83 58.13 103.3
MBE 1.18 1.55 7.02 9.27 4.22 5.57 4.43 5.84 58.88 77.77 73.05 103.6
MBS 0.74 1.97 5.69 15.20 3.80 10.15 2.85 7.62 24.34 65.06 43.85 85.3
MBN 0.63 1.78 6.49 18.46 3.72 10.59 2.64 7.52 21.66 61.64 40.00 87.9
SBS 0.45 2.24 2.40 11.91 3.78 18.77 2.64 13.14 10.85 53.94 22.50 89.4
SBW 0.28 1.37 2.75 13.65 3.07 15.25 2.97 14.76 11.07 54.97 21.70 92.8
SBE 0.87 4.19 2.61 12.55 3.49 16.82 2.94 14.17 10.85 52.28 22.53 92.1
Pb AQS 1.51 9.90 5.48 35.83 2.29 15.00 1.84 12.03 4.16 27.24 18.02 84.9
AQN 1.51 6.06 5.09 20.36 1.84 7.36 1.64 6.58 14.90 59.64 23.82 104.9
WBS 1.00 6.56 1.78 11.70 1.58 10.41 2.03 13.41 8.79 57.93 16.02 94.7
WBN 2.16 6.68 1.91 5.89 1.71 5.27 2.16 6.68 24.45 75.48 31.82 101.8
MBE 1.78 5.27 1.97 5.85 2.36 7.00 2.29 6.81 25.29 75.07 39.26 85.8
MBS 1.97 8.63 6.71 29.39 2.30 10.05 1.84 8.05 10.02 43.88 26.04 87.7
MBN 2.10 11.60 2.36 13.03 1.90 10.52 1.78 9.81 9.96 55.04 20.42 88.6
SBS 1.78 10.78 5.02 30.49 2.03 12.33 2.10 12.76 5.54 33.64 18.22 90.4
SBW 2.03 11.97 1.78 10.44 1.84 10.82 2.03 11.97 9.31 54.79 19.80 85.8
SBE 1.71 12.72 2.30 17.11 2.23 16.59 2.03 15.15 5.16 38.43 15.78 85.0
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