Expression of the Prophenoloxidase Gene and Phenoloxidase Activity, During the Development of Apis Mellifera Brood Infected with Varroa Destructor

Adamo S. A. (2004) Estimating disease resistance in insects: phenoloxidase and lysozyme-like activity and disease resistance in the cricket Gryllus texensis. Journal of Insect Physiology 50(2-3): 209-216. DOI: 10.1016/j. jinsphys.2003.11.011Search in Google Scholar

Adamo S. A., Jensen M., Younger M. (2001) Changes in lifetime immunocompetence in male and female Gryllus texensis (formerly G. integer): trade-offs between immunity and reproduction. Animal Behaviour 62(3): 417-425. DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2001.178610.1006/anbe.2001.1786Search in Google Scholar

Aronstein K. A., Saldivar E., Vega R., Westmiller S., Douglas A. E. (2012) How Varroa parasitism affects the immunological and nutritional status of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Insects 3(3): 601-615. DOI: 10.3390/insects303060110.3390/insects3030601Search in Google Scholar

Ashida M., Yamazaki H. I. (1990) Biochemistry of the phenoloxidase system in insects: with special reference to its activation. In: Ohnishi E., Ishizaki H. (Eds.) Molting and Metamorphosis. Japan Science Society Press. Tokyo: 239-265.Search in Google Scholar

Bradford M. M. (1976) A rapid sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein - dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248-254. DOI:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-310.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3Search in Google Scholar

Brey P. T., Lee W. J., Yamakawa M., Koizumi Y., Perrot S., Francois M., Ashida M. (1993) Role of the integument in insect immunity: epicuticular abrasion and induction of cecropin synthesis in cuticular epithelial cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90(13): 6275-6279. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.13.627510.1073/pnas.90.13.6275469118327509Search in Google Scholar

Cerenius L., Söderhäll K. (2004) The prophenoloxidase- activating system in invertebrates. Immunological Reviews 198(1): 116-26. DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00116.x 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00116.x15199959Search in Google Scholar

Contreras-Garduno J., Lanz-Mendoza H., Cordoba-Aguilar A. (2007) The expression of a sexually selected trait correlates with different immune defense components and survival in males of the American rubyspot. Journal of Insect Physiology 53:612-621.10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.03.00317451742Search in Google Scholar

Ellis J. D. (2001) The future of Varroa control: Integrating current treatments with the latest advancements. American Bee Journal 141(2): 127-131.Search in Google Scholar

Genersch E. (2010) Honey bee pathology: current threats to honey bees and beekeeping. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 87(1): 87-97. DOI: 10.1007/ s00253-010-2573-810.1007/s00253-010-2573-820401479Search in Google Scholar

Gregorc A., Evans J. D., Scharf M., Ellis J. D. (2012) Gene expression in honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae exposed to pesticides and Varroa mites (Varroa destructor ). Journal of Insect Physiology 58(8): 1042-1049. DOI: 10.1016/j. jinsphys.2012.03.015Search in Google Scholar

Gregory P. G., Evans J. D., Rinderer T., de Guzman L. I. (2005) Conditional immune-gene suppression of honeybees parasitized by Varroa mites. Journal of Insect Science 5: 1-5.10.1673/031.005.0701Search in Google Scholar

Grzywnowicz K., Ciołek A. (Strachecka), Tabor A., Jazek M. (2009) Profiles of body-surface proteolytic system of honey bee queens, workers and drones: Ontogenetic and seasonal changes in proteases and their natural inhibitors. Apidolgie 40(1): 4-19. DOI: 10.1051/apido: 2008057Search in Google Scholar

Jay C. S. (1962) Colour changes in honeybee pupae. Bee World 43: 119-122.10.1080/0005772X.1962.11096960Search in Google Scholar

Jay C. S. (1963) The development of honeybees in the their cells. Journal Apiculture Research 2: 117-134.10.1080/00218839.1963.11100072Search in Google Scholar

Khongphinitbunjong K., de Guzman L. I., Tarver M. R., Rinderer T. E., Chen Y., Chantawannakul P. (2015) Differential viral levels and immune gene expression in three stocks of Apis mellifera induced by different numbers of Varroa destructor. Journal of Insect Physiology 72: 28-34. DOI:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.11.00510.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.11.005Search in Google Scholar

Krupke C. H., Hunt G. J., Eitzer B. D., Andino G., Given K. (2012) Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields. Public Library of Science One 7(1): e29268. DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0029268Search in Google Scholar

Kuster R. D., Boncristiani H. F., Rueppell O. (2014) Immunogene and viral transcript dynamics during parasitic Varroa destructor mite infection of developing honey bee (Apis mellifera) pupae. The Journal of Experimental Biology 217: 1710-1718. DOI:10.1242/jeb.09776610.1242/jeb.097766Search in Google Scholar

Laughton A. M., Siva-Jothy M. T. (2010) A standardised protocol for measuring phenoloxidase and prophenoloxidase in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Apidologie 42(2): 140-149. DOI: 10.1051/apido/201004610.1051/apido/2010046Search in Google Scholar

Laughton A. M., Boots M., Siva-Jothy M. T. (2011) The ontogeny in the honey bee, Apis mallifera L. following an immune challenge. Journal of Insect Physiology 57(7): 1023-1032. DOI:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.04.02010.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.04.020Search in Google Scholar

Leclerc V., Pelte N., El Chamy L., Martinelli C., Ligoxygakis P., Hoffmann J. A., Reichhart J. M. (2006) Prophenoloxidase activation is not required for survival to microbial infections in Drosophila. European Molecular Biology Organization Reports 7(2): 231-235. DOI: 10.1038/ sj.embor.7400592Search in Google Scholar

Lee G. M., Brown M. J. F., Oldroyd B. P. (2013) Inbred and outbred honey bees (Apis mellifera) have similar innate immune responses. Insectes Sociaux 60(1): 97-102. DOI: 10.1007/s00040-012-0271-510.1007/s00040-012-0271-5Search in Google Scholar

Michell H. K. (1966) Phenoloxidases and Drosophila development. Journal of Insect Physiology 12(7): 755-765.10.1016/0022-1910(66)90028-XSearch in Google Scholar

DOI: 10.1016/0022-1910(66)90028-X 10.1016/0022-1910(66)90028-XSearch in Google Scholar

Osta M. A., Christophides G. K., Vlachou D., Kafatos F. C. (2004) Innate immunity in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: comparative and functional genomics. Journal of Experimental Biology 207(Pt 15): 2551-2563. DOI: 10.1242/ jeb.01066Search in Google Scholar

Pfaffl M. W. (2001) A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Research 29(9): e45. DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.9.e4510.1093/nar/29.9.e455569511328886Search in Google Scholar

Rinderer T. E., Kuznetsov V. N., Danka R. G., Delatte G. T. (1997) An importation of potentially varroa-resistant honey bees from far-eastern Russia. American Bee Journal 137: 787-789.Search in Google Scholar

Roberts K. E., Hughes W. O. H. (2014) Immunosenescence and resistance to parasite infection in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 121: 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.06.00410.1016/j.jip.2014.06.00424953460Search in Google Scholar

Rodriguez-Andres J., Rani S., Varjak M., Chase-Topping M. E., Beck M. H., Ferguson M. C., Schnettler E., Fragkoudis R., Barry G., Merits A. Fazakerley J. K., Strand M. R., Kohl A. (2012) Phenoloxidase activity acts as a mosquito innate immune response against infection with Semliki Forest virus. Public Library of Science Pathogens 8(11): e1002977. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.100297710.1371/journal.ppat.1002977349346523144608Search in Google Scholar

Rosenkranz P., Aumeier P., Ziegelmann B. (2010) Biology and control of Varroa destructor. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103(1): 96-119. DOI: 10.1016/j. jip.2009.07.016Search in Google Scholar

Statistica ver. 8 (2007) Statsoft Inc. Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.Search in Google Scholar

Strachecka A., Gryzińska M., Krauze M. (2010) The influence of environmental pollution on the protective proteolytic barrier of the honey bee Apis mellifera’s body surface. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 19(4): 855-859.Search in Google Scholar

Strachecka A., Borsuk G., Paleolog J., Olszewski K., Bajda M., Chobotow J. (2014) Body-surface compounds in Buckfast and Caucasian honey bee Wolkers (Apis mellifera). Journal of Apicultural Science 50: 5-15. DOI: 10.2478/ JAS-2014-0001Search in Google Scholar

Sugumaran M. (2002) Comparative biochemistry of eumelanogenesis and the protective roles of phenoloxidase and melanin in insects. Pigment Cell Research 15(1): 2-9. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.00056.x 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.00056.x11837452Search in Google Scholar

Wilson-Rich N., Dres S. T., Starks P. T. (2008) The ontogeny of immunity: development of innate immune strength in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Journal of Insect Physiology 54(10-11): 1392-1399. DOI: 10.1016/j. jinsphys.2008.07.016 Search in Google Scholar

vanEngelsdorp D., Evans J. D., Donovall L., Mullin C., Frazier M., Frazier J., Tarpy D. R., Hayes J., Pettis J. S. (2009) “Entombed pollen’’: a new condition in honey bee colonies associated with increased risk of colony mortality. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 101(2): 147-149. DOI:10.1016/j.jip.2009.03.00810.1016/j.jip.2009.03.00819361513Search in Google Scholar

Yang X., Cox-Foster D. L. (2005) Impact of an ectoparasite on the immunity and pathology of an invertebrate: evidence for host immunosuppression and viral amplification. Procedding of the National Academy of Sciences 102(21): 7470-7475. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0501860102 10.1073/pnas.0501860102114043415897457Search in Google Scholar

Zhang Y., Liu X., Zhang W., Han R. (2010) Differential gene expression of the honey bees Apis mellifera and A. cerana induced by Varroa destructor infection. Journal of Insect Physiology 56(9): 1207-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.03.01910.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.03.01920346951Search in Google Scholar

Zufelato M. S., Lourenço A. P., Simões Z. L., Jorge J. A., Bitondi M. M. (2004) Phenoloxidase activity in Apis mellifera honey bee pupae, and ecdysteroid-dependent expression of the prophenoloxidase mRNA. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 34(12): 1257-1268. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.08.005 10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.08.00515544939Search in Google Scholar