The Incidence and Risk Factors of Nosocomial Infections in ICU

1. Dasgupta S, Das S, Chawan NS, Hazra A - Nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit: Incidence, risk factors, outcome and associated pathogens in a public tertiary teaching hospital of Eastern India. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 2015;19(1):14–20.10.4103/0972-5229.148633Search in Google Scholar

2. Majumdar SS, Padiglione AA - Nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit. Anaesthasia and Intensive Care Medicine. 2012;13(5): 204–208.10.1016/j.mpaic.2012.02.009Search in Google Scholar

3. Vincent JL, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, Bruining HA, White J, Nicolas-Chanoin MH, Wolff M, Spencer RC, Hemmer M - The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. EPIC International Advisory Committee. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995;274(8):639-644.10.1001/jama.1995.03530080055041Search in Google Scholar

4. Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, Silva E, Anzueto A, Martin CD, Moreno R, Lipman J, Gomersall C, Sakr Y, Reinhart K - International Study of the Prevalence and Outcomes of Infection in Intensive Care Units. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2009;302(21):2323-2329.Search in Google Scholar

5. American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2005;171:388-416.Search in Google Scholar

6. Craven DE, Hjalmarson KI - Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis and pneumonia: thinking outside the box. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2010;51(1):59-66.Search in Google Scholar

7. Kollef MH - Clinical characteristics and treatment patterns among patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2006;129:1210-1218.10.1378/chest.129.5.1210Search in Google Scholar

8. Rodriguez JL, Gibbons KJ, Bitzer LG - Pneumonia: incidence, risk factors and outcome in injuried patients. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infections and Critical Care. 1991;31(7):907-914.10.1097/00005373-199107000-00005Search in Google Scholar

9. Mermel LA, Farr BM, Sherertz RJ, Raad II, O’Grady N, Harris JS, Craven DE - Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2001;32:1249-1272.10.1086/320001Search in Google Scholar

10. Hooton TM, Bradley SF, Cardenas DD, Colgan R, Geerlings SE, Rice JC, Saint S, Schaeffer AI, Tambayh PA, Tenke P, Nicolle LE - Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2010;50:625-663.10.1086/650482Search in Google Scholar

11. Jarvis WR, Martone WJ - Predominant pathogens in hospital infections. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1992;29:19-24.10.1093/jac/29.suppl_A.19Search in Google Scholar

12. Malone DL, Geunti T, Tracy JK, Gannon C, Napolitano LM - Surgical site infections: reanalysis of risk factors. Journal of Surgical Research. 2002;103(1):89-95.10.1006/jsre.2001.6343Search in Google Scholar

13. Samore MH, Venkataraman L, DeGirolami PC, Arbeit RD, Karchmer AW - Clinical and molecular epidemiology of sporadric and clustered cases of nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea. The American Journal of Medicine. 1996;100(1): 32-40.10.1016/S0002-9343(96)90008-XSearch in Google Scholar

14. Marra AR, Edmond MB, Wenzel RP, Bearman ML - Hospital-aquired Clostridium difficileassociated disease in the intensive care unit setting: epidemiology, clinical course and outcome. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2007;7:42-48.10.1186/1471-2334-7-42Search in Google Scholar

15. Jensen AG, Wachmann CH, Poulsen KB, Espersen F, Scheibel J, Skinhoj P, Frimodt-Moller N -Risk factors for hospital-hquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999; 159(13):1437-1444.Search in Google Scholar

16. Jantsch J, Schatz V, Friedrich D, Schröder A, Kopp C, Siegert I, Maronna A, Wendelborn D, Linz P, Binger KJ, Gebhardt M, Heinig M, Neubert P, Fischer F, Teufel S, David JP, Neufert C, Cavallaro A, Rakova N, Küper C, Beck FX, Neuhofer W, Muller DN, Schuler G, Uder M, Bogdan C, Luft FC, Titze J - Cutaneous Na+ storage strenghtens the antimicrobial barrier function of the skin and boosts macrophage-driven host defense. Cell metabolism. 2015;21(3):493-501.Search in Google Scholar

17. Lardner A - The effect of extracellular pH on immune function. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2001; 69:522-530.10.1189/jlb.69.4.522Search in Google Scholar

18. Álvarez-Lerma F, Alvarez B, Luque P, Ruiz F, Dominguez JM, Quintana E, Sanz-Rodriguez C - Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy of nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a prospective observational study. Critical Care. 2006;10(3):78.10.1186/cc4919Search in Google Scholar

19. Mohr FJ - Update on efficacy and tolerability of Meropenem in the treatment of serious bacterial infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2008;47(1): 41-51.Search in Google Scholar

20. Sekhon SS, Roy V - Thrombocytopenia in adults: A practical approach to evaluation and management. Southern Medical Journal. 2006;99(5):491-498.10.1097/01.smj.0000209275.75045.d4Search in Google Scholar

21. Torres A, El-Ebiary M, Rano A - Respiratory infection complications in the intensive care unit. Clinics in Chest Medicine. 1999;20(2):287-301.10.1016/S0272-5231(05)70142-8Search in Google Scholar

22. Esteve F, Pujol M, Limon E - Blodstream infection related to catheter connections: a prospective trial of two connection systems. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2007;67(1):30-34.10.1016/j.jhin.2007.05.02117719682Search in Google Scholar

23. Pittet D - Improving compliance with hand hygiene in hospitals. Infection Control. 2000;20(6):381386.Search in Google Scholar