Characteristics | Number (%) N = 195 |
---|---|
Fever | 143 (73.3) |
Dyspnea | 37 (19.0) |
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting | 35 (18.0) |
Altered mental status | 30 (15.4) |
Dysuria, flank pain, or cloudy urine | 14 (7.2) |
Genitourinary tract | 30 (15.4) |
Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary tract | 29 (14.9) |
Central venous catheter related | 25 (12.8) |
Respiratory tract | 15 (7.7) |
Skin, bone, joint, and soft tissue | 12 (6.2) |
Endocarditis and vascular system | 8 (4.1) |
Unidentified | 72 (36.9) |
Antibiotics | 62 (31.8) |
Cephalosporins | 16 (8.2) |
Carbapenems | 14 (7.2) |
Quinolones | 14 (7.2) |
Vancomycin | 13 (6.7) |
Metronidazole | 12 (6.2) |
Penicillin | 9 (4.6) |
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 5 (2.6) |
Colistin | 3 (1.5) |
Macrolides | 1 (0.5) |
Aminoglycosides | 1 (0.5) |
Others | 3 (1.5) |
Antifungals | 9 (4.6) |
Microorganisms | N | Number (%) of organisms recovered on hours | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤12 | ≤24 | ≤48 | ≤72 | ≤96 | ≤120 | ||
Overall | 490 | 142 (29) | 367 (75) | 462 (94.3) | 478 (97.6) | 489 (99.8) | 490 (100) |
433 | 141 (32.6) | 347 (80.1) | 415 (95.8) | 425 (98.2) | 433 (100) | 433 (100) | |
Gram-positive bacteria | 214 | 49 (22.9) | 166 (77.6) | 202 (94.4) | 210 (98.1) | 214 (100) | 214 (100) |
Staphylococci | 123 | 18 (14.6) | 94 (76.4) | 119 (96.8) | 123 (100) | 123 (100) | 123 (100) |
Coagulase-negative staphylococci | 67 | 5 (7.5) | 48 (71.6) | 65 (97) | 67 (100) | 67 (100) | 67 (100) |
| 56 | 13 (23.2) | 46 (82.1) | 54 (96.4) | 56 (100) | 56 (100) | 56 (100) |
Streptococci | 50 | 25 (0.5) | 46 (92) | 48 (96) | 49 (98) | 50 (100) | 50 (100) |
True pathogens | 144 | 42 (28.2) | 124 (86.1) | 139 (96.5) | 143 (99.3) | 144 (100) | 144 (100) |
Contaminants | 70 | 7 (10) | 42 (60) | 63 (90) | 67 (95.7) | 70 (100) | 70 (100) |
Gram-negative bacteria | 219 | 92 (42) | 181 (82.6) | 213 (97.3) | 215 (98.2) | 219 (100) | 219 (100) |
| 55 | 30 (54.6) | 48 (87.3) | 54 (98.2) | 54 (98.2) | 55 (100) | 55 (100) |
| 35 | 25 (71.4) | 34 (97.1) | 35 (100) | 35 (100) | 35 (100) | 35 (100) |
| 28 | 0 | 20 (71.4) | 28 (100) | 28 (100) | 28 (100) | 28 (100) |
| 17 | 11 (64.7) | 17 (100) | 17 (100) | 17 (100) | 17 (100) | 17 (100) |
| 17 | 12 (70.6) | 16 (94.1) | 17 (100) | 17 (100) | 17 (100) | 17 (100) |
| 14 | 6 (42.9) | 13 (92.9) | 14 (100) | 14 (100) | 14 (100) | 14 (100) |
| 10 | 0 | 7 (70) | 8 (80) | 8 (80) | 10 (100) | 10 (100) |
57 | 1 (1.8) | 20 (35.1) | 47 (82.5) | 53 (93) | 56 (98.3) | 57 (100) |
Microorganisms | Number of blood cultures (%) | Median time to positivity (hours) (IQR) |
---|---|---|
490 (100) | 17 (11.5, 24.5) | |
433 (88.4) | 15.5 (11.5, 22) | |
214 (43.7) | 17.5 (12.5,23) | |
Staphylococci | 123 (25.1) | 19 (15, 23.5) |
Coagulase-negative staphylococci | 67 (13.7) | 20.5 (18, 25) |
| 56 (11.4) | 15.5 (12.5, 20.25) |
Streptococci | 50 (10.2) | 12.25 (9.5, 15.5) |
| 15 (3.1) | 10 (8.5, 12.5) |
| 5 (1.0) | 10 (5, 12) |
| 5 (1.0) | 11 (10, 12) |
| 5 (1.0) | 5.5 (5.5, 6) |
Other Streptococci | 20 (4.1) | 15.5 (14, 17.25) |
| 22 (4.5) | 17.25 (12.5, 25.5) |
| 7 (1.4) | 17.5 (16.5, 19) |
| 7 (1.4) | 26.5 (23, 58.5) |
| 3 (0.6) | 87 (57, 90) |
| 2 (0.4) | 19.5 (19.5, 19.5) |
219 (44.7) | 14 (10.5, 20) | |
| 55 (11.2) | 12 (10.5, 15) |
| 35 (7.1) | 10.5 (9.5, 13) |
| 28 (5.7) | 21 (17.5, 25.25) |
| 17 (3.5) | 11 (10, 12.5) |
| 17 (3.5) | 10.5 (9, 13) |
| 14 (2.9) | 12.5 (10.5, 16.5) |
| 10 (2.0) | 22.25 (20, 39) |
| 8 (2.0) | 22.5 (14.25, 54) |
| 8 (1.6) | 18.5 (16.25, 26.5) |
| ||
| 5 (1.0) | 14 (13.5, 17) |
| 4 (0.8) | 13.75 (12.25, 15) |
| 3 (0.6) | 10.5 (10.5, 13) |
| 3 (0.6) | 18 (17, 29) |
| 2 (0.4) | 29.5 (29,30) |
| 2 (0.4) | 8.5 (8.5, 8.5) |
| 1 (0.2) | 45 |
Unidentified Gram-negative bacilli | 7 (1.4) | 32 (28.5, 43) |
57 (11.6) | 27.5 (22, 38) | |
| 55 (11.2) | 27 (22, 36.5) |
| 14 (2.9) | 19.8 (19, 22) |
| 10 (2.0) | 40.5 (34, 54) |
| 3 (0.6) | 41.5 (26.5, 87.5) |
| 3 (0.6) | 28 (26, 30) |
| 3 (0.6) | 61.5 (60.5, 71) |
Unidentified | 22 (4.5) | 27.8 (25.5, 31) |
| 1 (0.2) | 110.5 |
Unidentified dematiaceous fungi | 1 (0.2) | 82.5 |
Characteristics | Number (%) N = 181 |
---|---|
100 (55.2) | |
61 (50, 76) | |
Inpatient units | 164 (90.6) |
Critical care units | 42 (23.2) |
Noncritical care units | 122 (67.4) |
Medicine | 110 (60.8) |
Surgery | 43 (23.8) |
Orthopedics | 5 (2.8) |
Obstetrics and gynecology | 3 (1.7) |
Others | 3 (1.7) |
Outpatient department | 10 (5.5) |
Emergency department | 7 (3.9) |
145 (80.1) | |
Malignancy | 63 (34.8) |
Hematologic malignancy | 18 (9.9) |
Solid organ malignancy | 45 (24.9) |
Advanced chronic kidney disease | 23 (12.7) |
(GFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2) | |
Diabetes | 21 (11.6) |
Disease result in neurocognitive impairment | 14 (7.7) |
Symptomatic heart failure or ejection fraction <40% | 13 (7.2) |
Cirrhosis | 12 (6.6) |
Hydronephrosis | 8 (4.4) |
HIV infection | 7 (3.9) |
Chronic obstructive lung disease | 5 (2.8) |
Gastrointestinal fistula | 5 (2.8) |
Rheumatologic disease | 3 (1.7) |
Post splenectomy | 3 (1.7) |
Post organ transplant | 3 (1.7) |
Aplastic anemia | 2 (1.1) |
Adult onset immunodeficiency syndrome | 1 (0.6) |
34 (18.8) |
Organism | Total number | True pathogen | Contaminant blood cultures | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number (%) | TTP (IQR) | Number (%) | TTP (IQR) | ||
Overall | 490 | 420 (85.7) | 16 (11.5, 23) | 70 (14.3) | 23 (18.5, 28) |
Gram-positive bacteria | 214 | 144 (67.3) | 15.5(12, 19) | 70 (32.7) | 23(18.5, 28) |
Coagulase-negative staphylococci | 67 | 29 (43.3) | 18.5 (16.5, 20.5) | 38 (56.7) | 22 (19.5, 25.5) |
| 22 | 0 | – | 22 (100) | 17.25 (12.5, 25.5) |
| 7 | 0 | – | 7 (100) | 26.5 (23, 58.5) |
| 3 | 0 | – | 3 (100) | 87 (57, 90) |
Sepsis parameters | Total number of available data | Number (%) |
---|---|---|
Body temperature <36 or >38.3°C | 191 | 134 (70.2) |
Heart rate >90 beat/min | 191 | 168 (88.0) |
Respiratory rate >20/min | 190 | 105 (55.3) |
Hypotension or shock | 191 | 56 (29.3) |
Altered mental status | 191 | 30 (15.7) |
Acute lung injury | 153 | 27 (17.6) |
Decrease urine output | 141 | 22 (15.6) |
Creatinine >2.0 mg/dL or increase >0.5 mg/dL | 162 | 43 (26.5) |
Lactate level (mmol/L) (median, IQR) | 95 | 3.0 (1.7, 6.2) |
Lactate level >1.0 mmol/L | 95 | 91 (95.8) |
White blood cells ( | 195 | 12.5 (7.7, 17) |
White blood cells <4,000 or >12,000 cells/mm3 | 195 | 136 (69.7) |
Platelet count ( | 194 | 161 (70, 261) |
Platelet count <100,000/mm3 | 194 | 71 (36.6) |
Clinical systemic inflammatory response syndrome | 191 | 172 (90.0) |
Characteristics | Number of patients (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
TTP ≤ 24 hours (N = 367) | TTP >24 hours (N = 123) | ||
206 (56.1) | 75 (61.0) | 0.400 | |
300 (81.7) | 101 (82.1) | 1.000 | |
Malignancy | 134 (36.5) | 32 (26.0) | |
Hematologic malignancy | 50 (13.6) | 1 (0.8) | < |
Solid organ malignancy | 84 (22.9) | 31 (25.2) | 0.624 |
Receiving immunosuppressive agents | 78 (21.2) | 13 (10.6) | |
Diabetes mellitus | 37 (10.1) | 9 (7.3) | 0.475 |
Cirrhosis | 19 (5.2) | 4 (3.2) | 0.468 |
HIV infection | 13 (3.5) | 2 (1.6) | 0.376 |
Post splenectomy | 4 (1.1) | 1 (0.8) | 1.000 |
Post organ transplant | 6 (1.6) | 3 (2.4) | 0.698 |
Fever | 277 (76.5) | 90 (75.0) | 0.805 |
Dyspnea | 79 (21.8) | 20 (16.7) | 0.243 |
Altered mental status | 58 (16.0) | 9 (7.5) | |
Genitourinary tract | 41 (11.2) | 12 (9.8) | 0.739 |
Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary system | 44 (12.0) | 21 (17.1) | 0.167 |
Catheter related | 52 (14.2) | 28 (22.8) | |
Respiratory tract | 23 (6.3) | 4 (3.2) | 0.258 |
Skin, bone, joint, and soft tissue | 21 (5.7) | 5 (4.1) | 0.643 |
Endocarditis and vascular system | 22 (6.0) | 1 (0.81) | |
Central nervous system | 2 (0.5) | 0 | 1.000 |
129 (35.6) | 64 (53.3) | ||
Carbapenems | 35 (9.5) | 22 (17.9) | < |
Vancomycin | 23 (6.3) | 25 (20.3) | < |
Antifungals | 17 (4.6) | 20 (16.3) | < |
115 (32.5) | 63 (51.2) | < | |
114 (31.1) | 55 (44.7) | ||
337 (93.1) | 99 (83.2) | ||
Body Temperature <36°C or >38.3°C | 246 (68.3) | 75 (63.6) | 0.367 |
Heart rate >90 beats/min | 336 (91.6) | 110 (89.4) | 0.470 |
Tachypnea | 213 (59.7) | 66 (55.5) | 0.452 |
Hypotension or shock | 116 (32.0) | 46 (38.3) | 0.221 |
Altered mentation | 62 (21.0) | 14 (14.9) | 0.233 |
Acute lung injury | 51 (17.7) | 14 (14.3) | 0.532 |
Lactate >3 mmol/L | 100(59.5) | 18 (32.7) | |
White blood cells <4,000 cells/mm3 | 68 (18.5) | 9 (7.4) | |
Platelet count <100,000/mm3 | 127(34.6) | 24 (19.7) | |
166 (47.8) | 48 (55.) | 0.228 | |
181 (52.2) | 38 (44.2) | 0.228 |