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Does Tolerance Matter? The Spatial Distribution of Creative Industries Across Cities in Indonesia

Aloysius Gunadi Brata
Aloysius Gunadi Brata
, 
Diah Kartika Ambarwati
Diah Kartika Ambarwati
, 
Lorensius Toto Lobo
Lorensius Toto Lobo
, 
Yenny Patnasari
Yenny Patnasari
 oraz 
Andreas Sukamto
Andreas Sukamto
   | 27 cze 2023
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Data publikacji: 27 cze 2023
Zakres stron: 5 - 17
Otrzymano: 13 sie 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2023-0012
© 2023 Aloysius Gunadi Brata et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Spatial distribution of the cities and establishments of the creative economy at the island level. BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy; BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed.
Spatial distribution of the cities and establishments of the creative economy at the island level. BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy; BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed.

Fig. 2.

Number of cities for each sub-sector of the creative economy. BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy; BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics; CCOM – total number of creative companies at city level Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed.
Number of cities for each sub-sector of the creative economy. BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy; BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics; CCOM – total number of creative companies at city level Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed.

Fig. 3.

HHI of the creative economy (based on the number of companies). BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy; BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics; CCOM – total number of creative companies at city level; HHI – Herfindahl–Hirschman Index Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed.
HHI of the creative economy (based on the number of companies). BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy; BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics; CCOM – total number of creative companies at city level; HHI – Herfindahl–Hirschman Index Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed.

Regression results: City Tolerance Index (decomposed).

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
logCCOM logAR logID logVCD logPD logFAV logPHO logCRA logCm
logCTI1 1.18**(3.55) 2.02(1.73) 3.86***(4.15) 5.06**(3.68) 0.81(0.97) 1.29*(2.48) 1.10*(2.42) 1.08**(3.33) 1.26**(3.57)
logCTI2 −1.84***(−4.18) −4.29**(−3.00) −4.28*(−2.32) −5.18***(−4.82) −1.06(−1.49) −1.58*(−2.75) −1.33*(−2.63) −1.38**(−2.90) −1.95***(−4.20)
logCTI3 −0.29(−0.50) −1.06(−1.43) 0.44(0.33) 2.82**(3.13) 0.37(0.70) 0.60(1.82) 0.06(0.16) −0.20(−0.29) −0.37(−0.61)
logCTI4 0.11(0.17) 1.15(1.33) −0.85(−0.60) −3.38*(−2.41) −0.11(−0.15) −0.80(−1.73) 0.03(0.06) 0.24(0.32) 0.13(0.19)
logCTI5 −0.37*(−2.65) −1.11*(−2.29) −2.21***(−4.13) −2.48***(−5.58) −0.83*(−2.45) 0.93***(−4.62) −0.51*(−2.28) −0.39*(−2.66) −0.34*(−2.27)
logCTI6 0.13(0.59) 0.48(0.57) 1.18(1.54) 0.39(0.33) −0.13(−0.30) 0.66*(2.07) −0.21(−0.69) −0.23(−1.00) 0.22(0.96)
logPOP 0.19***(4.76) 0.23*(2.49) 0.25*(2.52) 0.17*(2.30) 0.21***(3.93) 0.13***(3.87) 0.14***(4.24) 0.18***(4.17) 0.19***(4.68)
logHDI 2.10**(3.46) 8.48***(4.35) 4.10*(2.20) 7.88**(2.94) 3.97**(3.47) 1.55(1.60) 2.70**(3.61) 2.19*(2.55) 2.08**(3.24)
DC 0.09(1.24) 1.09***(5.43) 0.19(0.72) −0.43(−1.87) −0.21(−1.68) 0.00(0.03) 0.18*(2.30) 0.14(1.75) 0.08(1.16)
_Cons −6.82*(−2.46) −35.95***(−4.09) −17.46(−2.03) −32.31*(−2.73) −18.44**(−3.64) −6.60(−1.57) −11.11**(−3.22) −8.37*(−2.05) −6.86*(−2.40)
N 99 93 60 52 73 81 98 99 99
Adjusted R2 0.709 0.675 0.570 0.509 0.469 0.602 0.601 0.551 0.711
F 74.38 73.81 71.88 97.37 40.26 50.04 27.51 24.62 76.66
(10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
logFAS logMUS logAGD logPUB logADV logTR logPA logFA
logCTI1 0.84*(2.61) 1.17**(3.01) 3.50***(3.92) 1.60**(3.51) 1.43*(2.66) 0.64(1.20) 2.43**(3.60) 2.02***(3.70)
logCTI2 −1.53**(−3.60) −1.77**(−3.47) −4.61***(−5.53) −2.14***(−4.18) −1.44(−2.01) −1.22**(−2.91) −3.49***(−5.91) −2.40***(−4.07)
logCTI3 −0.05(−0.10) −0.38(−0.87) −0.17(−0.12) 0.04(0.07) 0.67(1.18) −0.14(−0.40) 0.06(0.08) −0.09(−0.15)
logCTI4 0.03(0.05) 0.19(0.38) −0.56(−0.38) −0.23(−0.33) −0.99(−1.49) −0.06(−0.14) −0.44(−0.61) −0.11(−0.17)
logCTI5 −0.37**(−2.97) −0.29(−1.53) −0.76(−1.99) −0.66***(−3.80) −1.06***(−4.97) −0.06(−0.30) −0.81*(−2.64) −0.85**(−3.53)
logCTI6 −0.05(−0.26) 0.49(1.84) 0.52(1.05) 0.11(0.35) 0.68*(2.15) 0.24(0.91) 0.20(0.44) 0.16(0.58)
logPOP 0.20***(4.87) 0.17***(4.35) 0.29***(4.07) 0.20***(4.41) 0.19***(4.55) 0.08**(3.29) 0.18***(4.12) 0.18***(4.74)
logHDI 2.46***(4.12) 2.65***(3.74) 2.70*(2.28) 3.42***(4.20) 3.33**(3.10) 1.59**(2.91) 2.42(1.98) 3.12***(4.03)
DC 0.06(1.00) 0.09(1.16) 0.04(0.33) 0.19*(2.19) 0.13(1.52) 0.40***(7.15) 0.13(1.13) 0.14(1.41)
_Cons −9.41**(−3.41) −11.22**(−3.33) −12.44*(−2.52) −14.31***(−3.84) −15.02**(−3.16) −6.67*(−2.53) −10.27(−2.00) −13.37***(−3.97)
N 99 99 91 99 74 97 94 99
Adjusted R2 0.689 0.620 0.609 0.668 0.696 0.558 0.542 0.608
F 102.73 41.88 26.01 45.07 118.73 36.94 35.29 67.48

Regression results: City Tolerance Index (composite).

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
logCCOM logAR logID logVCD logPD logFAV logPHO logCRA logCUL
logCTI −0.40**(−3.06) −1.13**(−3.41) −0.99(−1.91) −0.60(−1.70) −0.28(−1.14) −0.50*(−2.12) −0.14(−0.81) −0.14(−0.71) −0.41**(−3.20)
logPOP 0.19***(4.37) 0.25*(2.67) 0.33**(2.84) 0.25**(2.87) 0.23***(3.84) 0.16***(3.92) 0.14***(4.09) 0.18***(3.80) 0.19***(4.27)
logHDI 2.27***(4.23) 9.06***(5.17) 6.20**(3.18) 9.57***(4.20) 4.15***(4.02) 2.55*(2.37) 2.66***(4.12) 2.11*(2.65) 2.31***(4.19)
DC 0.08(1.15) 1.06***(5.30) 0.15(0.58) −0.62*(−2.62) −0.25*(−2.17) −0.05(−0.54) 0.18*(2.45) 0.14(1.68) 0.08(1.10)
_Cons −7.53**(−3.21) −38.18***(−5.03) −28.49**(−3.17) −42.64***(−4.60) −19.54***(−4.61) −11.58*(−2.52) −11.22***(−3.79) −8.18*(−2.09) −7.86**(−3.45)
N 99 93 60 52 73 81 98 99 99
adj. R2 0.699 0.670 0.477 0.419 0.479 0.517 0.589 0.546 0.697
F 94.82 66.97 19.66 42.81 30.98 15.29 45.77 47.26 82.67
(10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
logFAS logMUS logAGD logPUB logADV logTR logPA logFA
logCTI −0.38**(−2.90) −0.17(−1.31) −0.49(−1.82) −0.48**(−3.17) −0.65*(−2.34) −0.20(−1.61) −0.65**(−3.01) −0.47*(−2.52)
logPOP 0.20***(4.64) 0.18***(4.36) 0.31**(3.54) 0.21***(4.04) 0.24***(4.80) 0.08**(3.21) 0.20**(3.36) 0.18***(4.11)
logHDI 2.48***(4.37) 3.03***(5.13) 3.32**(3.18) 3.66***(4.98) 4.20**(3.09) 1.77***(4.12) 2.82**(2.82) 3.44***(4.65)
DC 0.05(0.86) 0.10(1.32) 0.04(0.30) 0.17*(2.07) 0.07(0.75) 0.40***(7.31) 0.11(1.06) 0.13(1.26)
_Cons −9.35***(−3.72) −13.37***(−5.03) −16.24***(−4.06) −15.47***(−4.87) −19.37**(−3.29) −7.55***(−3.69) −12.36**(−3.28) −15.13***(−4.82)
N 99 99 91 99 74 97 94 99
Adjusted R2 0.688 0.601 0.544 0.662 0.625 0.565 0.509 0.586
F 149.93 46.27 38.36 60.18 21.27 37.40 47.39 54.56

Summary statistics.

Variable Mean Standard deviation
Total number of creative companies (CCOM) (log)   4.08 0.48
Architecture (AR) (log)   2.76 1.42
Interior design (ID) (log)   1.38 1.13
Visual communication design (VCD) (log)   1.08 1.11
Product design (PD) (log)   0.84 0.65
Film, animation and video (FAV) (log)   0.71 0.51
Photography (PHO) (log)   1.81 0.44
Craft (CRA) (log)   2.97 0.48
Culinary (CUL) (log)   3.93 0.48
Music (MUS) (log)   1.76 0.51
Fashion (FAS) (log)   3.29 0.49
Application and game development (AGD) (log)   1.23 0.79
Publishing (PUB) (log)   2.20 0.62
Advertising (ADV) (log)   0.91 0.68
Television and radio (TR) (log)   0.96 0.43
Performing arts (PA) (log)   1.35 0.65
Fine arts (FA) (log)   1.37 0.60
City Tolerance Index (CTI) (log)   1.55 0.24
Mid-Term Regional Development Plan (CTI1) (log) −0.34 0.25
Discriminatory regional rules (CTI2) (log)   0.08 0.11
Official statements on event (CTI3) (log) −0.48 0.45
Official responses on event (CTI4) (log) −0.29 0.40
Incidents of freedom of religion/belief abuses (CTI5) (log)   0.11 0.39
Population composition based on religions (CTI6) (log) −0.39 0.16
Population (POP) (log) 12.42 1.38
Human Development Index (HDI) (log)   4.32 0.06
Provincial capital (DC) (dummy)   0.31 0.47
eISSN:
2081-6383
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
4 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Geosciences, Geography
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