Characteristics | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 39 | 36.8 |
Female | 67 | 63.2 |
Age | ||
<15 | 5 | 4.7 |
15–40 | 43 | 40.6 |
41–60 | 51 | 48.1 |
>60 | 7 | 6.6 |
Race | ||
Malay | 83 | 78.3 |
Chinese | 15 | 14.2 |
Indian | 4 | 3.8 |
Others | 4 | 3.8 |
Educational level | ||
Primary school | 5 | 4.7 |
Secondary school | 40 | 37.7 |
Tertiary school | 61 | 57.5 |
Other | 0 | 0.0 |
Number of people in households | ||
1–3 | 38 | 35.8 |
4–6 | 53 | 50.0 |
>6 | 15 | 14.2 |
Household income (RM) | ||
≤3,000 | 50 | 47.2 |
≤6,275 | 27 | 25.5 |
≤13,148 | 29 | 27.4 |
Experience (years) | ||
<1 | 26 | 24.5 |
<3 | 45 | 42.5 |
<5 | 19 | 17.9 |
>5 | 16 | 15.1 |
Constraint | SD freq., % | D freq., % | N freq., % | A freq., % | SA freq., % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highly fluctuating weather will affect the yield | 4 (3.8) | 8 (7.5) | 26 (24.5) | 39 (36.8) | 29 (27.4) |
Rain reduces soil fertility | 7 (6.6) | 16 (15.1) | 29 (27.4) | 42 (39.6) | 12 (11.3) |
Lack of rain reduces water availability | 5 (4.7) | 22 (20.8) | 22 (20.8) | 51 (48.1) | 6 (5.7) |
Flood will damage the yields | 8 (7.5) | 18 (17.0) | 22 (20.8) | 40 (37.7) | 18 (17.0) |
Increase in the number of pests | 3 (2.8) | 11 (10.4) | 32 (30.2) | 52 (49.1) | 8 (7.5) |
Mean | Standard deviation | Priority | |
---|---|---|---|
Highly fluctuating weather will affect the yield | 3.76 | 1.06 | 1 |
Access to available land is a major problem | 3.65 | 1.07 | 2 |
Financial problems is the main issue | 3.48 | 1.11 | 3 |
Increased number of pests | 3.48 | 0.89 | 4 |
Shortage in the number of members to help in managing the garden | 3.47 | 1.07 | 5 |
Price of pesticide in the market is too high | 3.41 | 1.15 | 6 |
Flood will damage the yields | 3.40 | 1.18 | 7 |
Hard to access financial institutions to lend money | 3.40 | 1.03 | 8 |
Rain will reduce soil fertility | 3.34 | 1.08 | 9 |
Lack of rain reduces water availability | 3.29 | 1.01 | 10 |
I am afraid of my produce being stolen | 3.25 | 1.29 | 11 |
Most of the available land belongs to private owners | 3.19 | 1.08 | 12 |
Available land is contaminated | 3.09 | 1.09 | 13 |
Hard to get volunteers to manage the garden | 3.09 | 1.04 | 14 |
Need to compete for available land with industries | 3.08 | 1.16 | 15 |
Lack of commitments from communities | 2.99 | 1.02 | 16 |
Lack of marketing skills | 2.97 | 0.99 | 17 |
Lack of cold storage | 2.96 | 1.26 | 18 |
Difficult to access financial resources from the government | 2.90 | 0.98 | 19 |
Hard to get regular customers | 2.82 | 1.02 | 20 |
Hard to buy cheap fertiliser near the garden | 2.81 | 1.14 | 21 |
Hard to find a leader | 2.81 | 1.18 | 22 |
Hard to access water supply near the garden | 2.80 | 1.23 | 23 |
Lack of equipment and tools | 2.76 | 1.17 | 24 |
Price for the produce is too low | 2.70 | 1.03 | 25 |
Lack of awareness and promotion programmes delivered to urban farmers | 2.67 | 0.95 | 26 |
Inability and lack of supply of seed | 2.61 | 1.13 | 27 |
Mostly selling produce to middlemen | 2.49 | 1.16 | 28 |
Farm is located far from supermarkets | 2.34 | 0.96 | 29 |
Difficult to get training and consultation from relevant agencies | 2.28 | 0.86 | 30 |
Difficult to access technical support from authorities or non-governmental organisations to improve knowledge | 2.12 | 0.86 | 31 |
Hard to access local urban farming information online | 1.95 | 0.79 | 32 |
Constraint | SD freq., % | D freq., % | N freq., % | A freq., % | SA freq., % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lack of awareness and promotion programmes delivered to urban farmers | 11 (10.4) | 38 (35.8) | 32 (30.2) | 25 (23.6) | 0 (0.0) |
Difficult to access technical support from authorities or non-governmental organisations to improve knowledge | 26 (24.5) | 48 (45.3) | 25 (23.6) | 7 (6.6) | 0 (0.0) |
Difficult to get training and consultation from relevant agencies | 16 (15.1) | 53 (50.0) | 31 (29.2) | 3 (2.8) | 3 (2.8) |
Hard to access local urban farming information online | 29 (27.4) | 58 (54.7) | 15 (14.2) | 3 (2.8) | 1 (0.9) |
Statement | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
It is one of the green initiatives by the government to sustain the urban environment. | 104 | 98.1 |
Building social relationships among farmers | 103 | 97.2 |
Safe food sources can be produced in the garden. | 101 | 95.3 |
More nutritional food can be produced from the garden. | 101 | 95.3 |
Urban people can easily access vegetables and fruits. | 101 | 95.3 |
Encouraging farmers to do exercise for their health | 198 | 92.5 |
Urban wastes can be reduced. | 197 | 91.5 |
People can generate sources of income. | 193 | 87.7 |
It helps urban poor save their money to buy food sources. | 192 | 86.8 |
Price of food sources from the garden is cheaper than from the market. | 183 | 78.3 |
Technical | Resource-related | Economical | Social | Environmental | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Spearman rho | −0.031 | −0.173 | −0.166 | −0.058 | −0.062 |
Significance | 0.750 | 0.077 | 0.089 | 0.552 | 0.527 | |
Age | Spearman rho | −0.031 | −0.131 | −0.103 | −0.164 | −0.410 |
Significance | 0.753 | 0.179 | 0.294 | 0.193 | 0.0 | |
Race | Spearman rho | 0.210 |
−0.051 | −0.112 | 0.201 |
−0.149 |
Significance | 0.031 | 0.603 | 0.255 | 0.039 | 0.128 | |
Education level | Spearman rho | 0.225 |
0.041 | −0.088 | 0.021 | −0.097 |
Significance | 0.021 | 0.674 | 0.370 | 0.830 | 0.323 | |
Number of people in households | Spearman rho | −0.177 | −0.047 | 0.111 | 0.072 | 0.109 |
Significance | 0.070 | 0.631 | 0.256 | 0.464 | 0.267 | |
Monthly household income | Spearman rho | 0.043 | −0.126 | −0.223 |
−0.119 | −0.197 |
Significance | 0.660 | 0.199 | 0.021 | 0.226 | 0.043 | |
Experience | Spearman rho | −0.143 | 0.018 | −0.003 | −0.052 | −0.002 |
Significance | 0.143 | 0.857 | 0.979 | 0.594 | 0.981 |
Constraint | SD freq., % | D freq., % | N freq., % | A freq., % | SA freq., % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Access to available land is a major problem | 6 (5.7) | 12 (11.3) | 13 (12.3) | 57 (53.8) | 18 (17.0) |
Most of the available land belongs to private owners | 8 (7.5) | 20 (18.9) | 31 (29.2) | 38 (35.8) | 9 (8.5) |
Need to compete for the available land with industries | 10 (9.4) | 25 (23.6) | 30 (28.3) | 29 (27.4) | 12 (11.3) |
Available land is contaminated | 9 (8.5) | 23 (21.7) | 31 (29.2) | 35 (33.0) | 8 (7.5) |
Hard to access water supply near the garden | 14 (13.2) | 38 (35.8) | 21 (19.8) | 21 (19.8) | 12 (11.3) |
Price of pesticide in the market is too high | 7 (6.6) | 16 (15.1) | 30 (28.3) | 33 (31.1) | 20 (18.9) |
Hard to buy cheap fertiliser near the garden | 14 (13.2) | 33 (31.1) | 23 (21.7) | 31 (29.2) | 5 (4.7) |
Inability and lack of supply of seed | 16 (15.1) | 41 (38.7) | 23 (21.7) | 20 (18.9) | 6 (5.7) |
No access to equipment and tools | 13 (12.3) | 39 (36.8) | 23 (21.7) | 22 (20.8) | 9 (8.5) |
Constraint | SD freq., % | D freq., % | N freq., % | A freq., % | SA freq., % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shortage in the number of members to help in managing the garden | 4 (3.8) | 13 (12.3) | 40 (37.7) | 27 (25.5) | 22 (20.8) |
Hard to get volunteers to manage the garden | 6 (5.7) | 27 (25.6) | 31 (29.2) | 35 (33.0) | 7 (6.6) |
Lack of commitment from the public | 10 (9.4) | 23 (21.7) | 33 (31.1) | 38 (35.8) | 2 (1.9) |
Hard to find a leader | 13 (12.3) | 36 (34.0) | 25 (23.6) | 22 (20.8) | 10 (9.4) |
I’m afraid of having my produce stolen. | 9 (8.5) | 27 (25.5) | 22 (20.8) | 25 (23.6) | 23 (21.7) |
Constraint | SD freq., % | D freq., % | N freq., % | A freq., % | SA freq., % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Financial problem is a main issue | 9 (8.5) | 7 (6.6) | 31 (29.2) | 42 (39.6) | 17 (16.0) |
Difficult to access financial resources from the government | 9 (8.5) | 24 (22.6) | 47 (44.3) | 21 (19.8) | 5 (4.7) |
Hard to access financial institutions to borrow money | 3 (2.8) | 21 (19.8) | 26 (24.5) | 43 (40.6) | 13 (12.3) |
Lack of marketing skill | 8 (7.5) | 23 (21.7) | 45 (42.5) | 24 (22.6) | 6 (5.7) |
Price for the produce is too low | 11 (10.4) | 39 (36.8) | 31 (29.2) | 21 (19.8) | 4 (3.8) |
Hard to get regular customers | 9 (8.5) | 35 (33.0) | 32 (30.2) | 26 (24.5) | 4 (3.8) |
Mostly sell produce to middlemen | 22 (20.8) | 38 (35.8) | 26 (24.5) | 12 (11.3) | 8 (7.5) |
Farm is located far from supermarkets | 21 (19.8) | 41 (38.7) | 33 (31.1) | 9 (8.5) | 2 (1.9) |
Lack of cold storage | 16 (15.1) | 29 (27.4) | 12 (11.3) | 41 (38.7) | 8 (7.5) |