Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs - an Update and Perspectives

1. Borgarelli, M., Buchanan, J.W. (2012). Historical review, epidemiology and natural history of degenerative mitral valve disease. J. Vet. Cardiol. 14, 93-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2012.01.01110.1016/j.jvc.2012.01.01122386588Search in Google Scholar

2. Buchanan, J. W. (1999). Prevalence of cardiovascular disorders: Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. In: P. Fox, D. Sisson and S. Moise (Eds). Textbook of Canine and Feline Cardiology. 2nd ed. (pp 457-470). WB Saunders, PhiladelphiaSearch in Google Scholar

3. Olsen, L.H., Fredholm, M., Pedersen, H.D. (1999). Epidemiology and inheritance of mitral valve prolapse in Dachshunds. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 13(5):448-456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01462.x10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01462.xSearch in Google Scholar

4. Domanjko Petrič, A., Hozjan, E., Blejec, A. (2007). Predisposition and survival of different breeds with chronic valvular disease. Proceedings of 17th European College Veterinary Internal Medicine - Companion Animals Congress, pp. 239, 13th -15th September, Budapest, Hungary.Search in Google Scholar

5. Borgarelli, M., Savarino, P., Crosara, S., Santilli, R.A., Chiavegato, D., Poggi, M., Bellino, C., La Rosa, G., Zanatta, R., Haggstrom, J., Tarducci, A. (2008). Survival characteristics and prognostic variables of dogs with mitral regurgitation attributable to myxomatous valve disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 22, 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0008.x10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0008.x18289298Search in Google Scholar

6. Garncarz, M., Parzeniecka-Jaworska, M., Jank, M., Łój, M. (2013). A retrospective study of clinical signs and epidemiology of chronic valve disease in a group of 207 Dachshunds in Poland. Acta Vet. Scand. Jul 11, 55:52.Search in Google Scholar

7. Pedersen, H.D, Lorentzen, K.A., Kristensen, B.Ø. (1999). Echocardiographic mitral valve prolapse in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: epidemiology and prognostic significance for regurgitation. Vet. Rec. 144, 315-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.144.12.31510.1136/vr.144.12.31510212505Search in Google Scholar

8. Serfass, P., Chetboul, V., Sampedrano, C.C., Nicolle, A., Benalloul, T., Laforge, H., Gau, C. Hébert, C., Pouchelon, J.L., Tissier, R. (2006). Retrospective study of 942 small-sized dogs: Prevalence of left apical systolic heart murmur and left-sided heart failure, critical effects of breed and sex. J. Vet. Cardiol., 8(1): 11-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2005.10.00110.1016/j.jvc.2005.10.00119083332Search in Google Scholar

9. Hägström, J., Kvart, C., Hansson, K. (1995). Heart sounds and Murmurs: Changes related to severity of chronic valvular disease in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 9, 75-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03276.x10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03276.x7760313Search in Google Scholar

10. Ohad, D.G. Lenchner, I. Bdolah-Abram, T., Segev, G. (2013). A loud right-apical systolic murmur is associated with the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension: Retrospective analysis of data from 201 consecutive client-owned dogs (2006-2007). Vet. J. 198, 690-695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.06710.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.06724215779Search in Google Scholar

11. Pedersen, H.D. (2000). Mitral valve prolapse in the dog. Pathogenesis, pathophysiology and comparative aspects or early myxomatous mitral valve disease. PhD thesis, CopenhagenSearch in Google Scholar

12. Ljungvall, I., Höglund, K., Lilliehöök, I., Oyama, M.A., Tidholm, A., Tvedten, H., Hägström, J. (2013). Serum serotonin concentration is associated with severity of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 27, 1105-1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.1213710.1111/jvim.1213723865457Search in Google Scholar

13. Detweiler, DK., Patterson, DF. (1965). The prevalence and types of cardiovascular disease in dogs. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Sep 8; 127(1): 481-516.Search in Google Scholar

14. Swenson, L., Hägström, J., Kvart, C., Juneja, R.K. (1996). Relationship between parental cardiac status in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and prevalence and severity of chronic valvular disease in offspring. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 208, 2009-2012.Search in Google Scholar

15. Domanjko Petrič, A., Blagus, R., Mlakar, N. (2013). Survival characteristics in the myxomatous mitral valve disease. Proceedings of the 23rd European College Veterinary Internal Medicine - Companion Animals Congress, September 12-15th, LiverpoolSearch in Google Scholar

16. Häggström, J., Boswood, A., O’Grady, M., et al. (2008). Effect of pimobendan or benazepril hydrochloride on survival times in dogs with congestive heart failure caused by naturally occurring myxomatous mitral valve disease: the QUEST study. J Vet. Intern. Med. 22(5):1124-1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0150.x10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0150.x18638016Search in Google Scholar

17. Häggström, J., Boswood, A., O’Grady, M., Jöns, O., et al. (2013). Longitudinal analysis of quality of life, clinical, radiographic, echocardiographic, and laboratory variables in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease receiving pimobendan or benazepril: the QUEST study. J Vet. Intern. Med. Nov-Dec; 27(6):1441-1451.Search in Google Scholar

18. Rasmussen, C.E., Falk, T., Domanjko Petrič, A., et al. (2014). Holter monitoring of small breed dogs with advanced myxomatous mitral valve disease with and without a history of syncope. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 28(2): 363-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.1229010.1111/jvim.12290485799724417236Search in Google Scholar

19. Dillon, R., Dell’Italia, L. J., Tillson, M., Killingsworth, C., Denney, T., Hathcock, J., Botzman, L. (2012). Left ventricular remodeling in preclinical experimental mitral regurgitation of dogs. J Vet. Cardiol. 14, 1, 73-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2012.01.01210.1016/j.jvc.2012.01.01222386719Search in Google Scholar

20. Lord, P., Hansson, K., Kvart, C., Häggström, J. (2010). Rate of change of heart size before congestive heart failure in dogs with mitral regurgitation. J. Small Anim. Pract. 51(4):210-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00910.x10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00910.x20406369Search in Google Scholar

21. Kittleson, M.D. (2005). Myxomatous mitral valve disease. In: Kittleson, M.D. and Kienle R.D. Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine. http://www.vin.com/members/cms/project/ defaultadv1.aspx?pid=5928&catId=8440&perlredir=1Search in Google Scholar

22. Reynolds, C.A., Brown, D.C., Rush, J.E., Fox, P.R., Nguyenba, T.P., Lehmkuhl, L.B., Gordon, S.G., Kellihan, H.B., Stepien, R.L, Lefbom, B.K., Meier, C.K.,Oyama, M.A. (2012). Prediction of first onset of congestive heart failure in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease: The PREDICT cohort study. J. Vet. Cardiol. 14, 1, 193-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2012.01.00810.1016/j.jvc.2012.01.00822366568Search in Google Scholar

23. Rishniw, M., Ljungvall, I., Porciello, F., Häggström, J., Ohad, D.G. (2012). Sleeping respiratory rates in apparently healthy adult dogs.Res. Vet. Sci. 93(2):965-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.12.01410.1016/j.rvsc.2011.12.01422240295Search in Google Scholar

24. Bonagura, JD, Schober, KE. (2009). Can ventricular function be assessed by echocardiography in chronic canine mitral valve disease? J Small Anim. Pract. Sep; 50 Suppl. 1, 12-24.Search in Google Scholar

25. Atkins, C., Bonagura, J., Ettinger, S., Fox, P., Gordon, S., Haggstrom, J., Hamlin, R., Keene, B., Luis- Fuentes, V., Stepien, R. (2009). Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of canine chronic valvular heart disease. J Vet. Intern. Med. 23(6):1142-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0392.x10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0392.x19780929Search in Google Scholar

26. Atkins, C. E., Häggström, J. (2012). Pharmacologic management of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs. J Vet. Cardiol., 14, 1, 165-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2012.02.002 10.1016/j.jvc.2012.02.00222386553Search in Google Scholar

27. Kvart, C., Häggström, J., Pedersen, HD., Hansson, K., et al. (2002). Efficacy of enalapril for prevention of congestive heart failure in dogs with myxomatous valve disease and asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. J Vet Intern Med. Jan-Feb; 16(1): 80-88.Search in Google Scholar

28. Atkins, C., Keene, B., Brown, W., Coats, J., Crawford, M., et al. (2007). Results of the veterinary enalapril trial to prove reduction in onset of heart failure in dogs chronically treated with enalapril alone for compensated, naturally occurring mitral valve insufficiency. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 23, 1061-1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.231.7.106110.2460/javma.231.7.106117916031Search in Google Scholar

29. The SOLVD Investigators. (1992). Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. New Eng. J. Med. 327, 725-727.Search in Google Scholar

30. Tarnow, I., Olsen L.H., Kvart, C., Höglund, K., Moesgaard, S.G., Kamstrup, T.S., Pedersen, H.D., Häggström, J. (2009). Predictive value of natriuretic peptides in dogs with mitral valve disease. Vet. J. 180, 195-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.02610.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.02618675567Search in Google Scholar

31. Ljungvall, I., Höglund, K., Carnabuci, C., Tidholm, A., Häggström, J. (2011). Assessment of global and regional left ventricular volume and shape by realtime 3-dimensional echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 25, 1036-1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0774.x10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0774.x21848946Search in Google Scholar

32. Atkins, J., Bonagura, S., Ettinger, P., Fox, S., Gordon, J., Häggström, R., Hamlin, B., Keene (Chair), V., Luis-Fuentes, Stepien, R. (2009). Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of canine chronic valvular heart disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 23: 1142-1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0392.x10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0392.xSearch in Google Scholar

33. Hezzell, M.J, Boswood, A., Chang, Y.M., Moonarmart, W., Souttar, K., Elliott, J. (2012). The combined prognostic potential of serum highsensitivity cardiac troponin I and N-terminal pro-Btype natriuretic peptide concentrations in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med. Mar-Apr; 26(2):302-311.Search in Google Scholar

34. Kanemoto, D., Taguchi, S., Yokoyama, M., Mizuno, H., Suzuki, T Kanamoto (2010). Open heart surgery with deep hypothermia and cardiopulmonary bypass in small and toy dogs. Vet. Surg. 39, 674-679.10.1111/j.1532-950X.2010.00687.x20459489Search in Google Scholar

35. Yamano, S., Uechi, M., Tanaka, K., Hori, Y., Ebisawa, T., Harada, K., Mizukoshi, T. (2011). Surgical repair of a complete endocardial cushion defect in a dog. Vet. Surg. 40, 408-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2011.00797.x10.1111/j.1532-950X.2011.00797.x21395617Search in Google Scholar

36. Orton, E.C., Hackett, T.B., Mama, K., Boon, J.A. (2005). Technique and outcome of mitral valve replacement in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 226, 1508-1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2005.226.150810.2460/javma.2005.226.150815882001Search in Google Scholar

37. Masami Uechi. (2012). Mitral valve repair in dogs. J. Vet. Cardiol. 14, 185-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2012.01.00410.1016/j.jvc.2012.01.00422366571Search in Google Scholar

38. Orton, C.E. (2012). Mitral valve degenerations: still more questions than answers. J. Vet. Cardiol. 14, 3-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2012.02.003 10.1016/j.jvc.2012.02.00322366567Search in Google Scholar