<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title>Intussusception is a common cause of obstruction in paediatric patients. Rapid clinical recognition and treatment is important to prevent potentially fatal complications. The present study aims to derive a clinical scoring system for prediction of risk of operative intervention in patients with intussusception.</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Materials and methods</title>Data of 100 patients with intussusception were analyzed retrospectively, and a score was calculated based on clinical parameters – age, presence/absence of symptoms and signs such as abdominal distention, vomiting, lump abdomen, red currant jelly stools and duration of abdominal pain. The maximum score was 12, and the minimum score was 6. This score was then applied to other 50 consecutive patients with intussusception.</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>Of 100, 13 patients required operative intervention; 87 patients were managed by hydrostatic reduction. In all, four patients with a score of 12 and five patients with a score of 11 required operative intervention. Seven patients had a score of 10, out of which four (57.14%) required operative intervention. A total of 87 patients who had a score of 10 or less were successfully managed non-operatively by ultrasound-guided hydrostatic reduction. In the next 50 patients, two patients with a score of 9 and all patients with scores of 10 and 11 required operative intervention. Thus, age less than 3 months and more than 2 years, presence of symptoms such as abdominal lump, red currant jelly stools and duration of abdominal pain of 2 or more days were strong predictors of operative intervention.</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusion</title>This clinical score helps to predict the risk of operative intervention required in a child with a diagnosis of intussusceptions – duration of abdominal pain of 48 h or more, presence of abdominal distention and lump and red currant jelly stools are strong predictors of need of operative intervention in patients with intussusception. Higher the score (8 or more, as concluded by this study), more the probability of requiring operative intervention in these patients. Though limited, this study could serve as a pilot work to develop a user-friendly score for early surgical decision making in the management of paediatric intussusception.</sec>
</abstract>

Paediatric Intussusception: A Clinical Scoring System to Predict the Risk of Operative Intervention

<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Sterile leukocyturia is an important and difficult clinical problem in children. In this paper, we described the most common nephrologic causes of sterile leukocyturia, including infectious, non-infectious and extrarenal etiology. We stressed an the importance of appropriate urine collection for urinalysis. There is a need for treatment of inflammation and also for diagnosis of potential anomalies of urethral orifice as causes of sterile leukocyturia in children.</trans-abstract>

Sterile leukocyturia − Difficult diagnostic problem in children

<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec id="j_devperiodmed.20172101.6068_s_014">
<title style='display:none'>Introduction</title>
Feeling of meaning in life is extremely crucial factor of mental health. The lack of it can result in various disorders. Many authors, especially those connected with current of humanistic psychology underline the teenagers’ life sense.</sec>
<sec id="j_devperiodmed.20172101.6068_s_015">
<title style='display:none'>The aim</title>
The aim of the paper was to examine the level of satisfaction with life, the frequency of psychosomatic complaints by junior high school students as well as the estimation of economical status of family and the analysis of meaning in life with above mentioned factors.
</sec>
<sec id="j_devperiodmed.20172101.6068_s_016">
<title style='display:none'>Material and methods</title>
The research was carried out in 2015 at 70 schools from all over the country, in group of 3695 lower secondary school students of I-III classes at the age of 13-17 (M=14,9; SD=0,87). The analysis connected with meaning in life using the shorten version of Purpose in Life Test (PIL) as well as analysis of life satisfaction using Cantril scale were taken up. What is more, the subjective physical complaints using single-factor shorten scale and economic status of family with the usage of material resources FAS scale (Family Affluence Scale) were examined. The statistical analysis included a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-student test post-hoc test as well as multivariate logistic regression model.
</sec>
<sec id="j_devperiodmed.20172101.6068_s_017">
<title style='display:none'>Results</title>
The average level of meaning in life among the examined students was 24,7 points (the summary scale 0-36 points), the boys achieved higher score than girls. The students satisfied with life (t=28,0; p&lt;0,001), with rare physical complaints (F=124,8; p&lt;0,001) and from affluent families (F=15,4; p&lt;0,001) were significantly characterized by higher average level of meaning in life than students who were dissatisfied with their life, often or fairly suffer from health complaints and live in families of at most average level of affluence.
</sec>
<sec id="j_devperiodmed.20172101.6068_s_018">
<title style='display:none'>Conclusion</title>
The meaning in life is positively connected with satisfaction with life, lack of subjective complaints and family affluence. Because there is a lack of analysis linked with school teenagers’ meaning in life in Polish literature, another research involved not only shorten but also full version of this tool should be conducted.</sec></trans-abstract>

Association of the meaning of life with satisfaction, the occurrence of subjective complaints and the family’s economic status in the population of lower secondary school students

<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Vomiting is a common sign of illness in the pediatrie popu/ation. Its etiology is diversified, ranging from mild functional disorders to severe life-threatening systemic diseases. Vomiting most often occurs in the course of gastrointestinal tract diseases, however, it may also coexist with numerous other ailments located outside the Gl tract. Due to its diverse etiology encompassing various systems and organs, it can sometimes cause diagnostic difficulties. The present paper illustrates a case of Panayiotopoulos syndrome, which is an early-onset childhood occipital epilepsy (EOCOE). Characteristic of this syndrome are seizures with symptoms originating from the autonomic nervous system or the occurrence of vegetative status epilepticus. The dominant signs and symptoms are vomiting and nausea, which in the first place most frequently suggest inflammation of the stornach or intestines, migraine, or a proliferative process in the central nervous system. Rarely is the possibility of vomiting taken into account as an element of epileptic seizure in the differential diagnosis. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the difficulty in defining the precise cause of recurrent vomiting. Many times, despite collecting a detailed medical history and extensive physical examination, it is only observation-based diagnosis that allows the doctor to make a final evaluation.</trans-abstract>

Vomiting as a symptom of epilepsy. Panayitopoulos Syndrome - review of the literature and own experience

<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec id="j_devperiodmed.20172102.111123_s_011"><title style='display:none'>Background</title>
Analyses of children and young people mortality continue to be an important component of health monitoring of this population. Such analyses provide the basis to assess the overall trends, the structure of the causes of death over longer periods, and the differences between Poland and other countries.</sec>
<sec id="j_devperiodmed.20172102.111123_s_012"><title style='display:none'>Purpose</title>
The purpose of the current study is to present the current status and the direction of changes since 2000 with regard to the level and underlying causes of mortality in children and adolescents aged 1-19 years in Poland on the background of statistics for leading European countries.</sec>
<sec id="j_devperiodmed.20172102.111123_s_013"><title style='display:none'>Material and methods</title>
Interactive databases available online: the National Demographic Database provided by the Central Statistical Office and the International WHO-MDB Database were used. Poland, constantly belonging to Eur-B category, was compared with the combined group of 27 leading countries, classified as a very low total mortality group (Eur-A) according to WHO. Linear trends of overall and cause-specific mortality in 2000–2013 were estimated. The causes of death have been presented according to the main classes of the 10th Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). External and other causes were adopted as the two principal categories.</sec>
<sec id="j_devperiodmed.20172102.111123_s_014"><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
In 2015, 1471 deaths of persons aged 1-19 were recorded in Poland (19.9 per 100 000, 25.4 and 14.2 for boys and girls, respectively). Changes in children and adolescents mortality by age have a nonlinear nature (U-shaped), and the lowest level is recorded at the age of 5-9 years.
According to 2014 data, 50.2% of deaths of children and adolescents aged 1-19 years occurred due to external causes, including non-intentional and intentional ones. This percentage increased from 18.4% in the 1-4 age group to 68.6% at the age of 15-19 years. Apart from external causes, the dominating causes of death are malignant neoplasms, congenital defects, or nervous system and respiratory system diseases. The ranking of those causes of death changes in successive age groups and over time. When age is considered, a higher proportion of congenital defects and respiratory system diseases was found in mortality younger children and a higher proportion of circulatory system diseases and undefined cases in mortality of adolescents. When trends were studied, a continuing elimination of infectious diseases was observed together with growing impact of rare diseases in all age groups.
The excess mortality of Polish population at age 1-19 by comparison to Eur-A countries increased from 21% in 2000 to 56% in 2013, mainly due to unfavourable trends in adolescents. The rate of decline in the mortality of young children (1-4 years) was greater than in Eur-A countries, both in case of external and other causes. In the age group 5-14 years the higher rate of change was sustained only with regard to external causes. Among adolescents and young adults, the distance between Poland and Eur-A countries increased during the studied period. The shape of trend in the 15-24 age group was unfavourable for Poland, mainly with respect to external causes. This observation could be in part explained by increasing suicide trend in Poland since 2008, coexisting with rather constant level in Eur-A countries.</sec>
<sec id="j_devperiodmed.20172102.111123_s_015"><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
The mortality rate among the population aged 1-19 years in Poland is systematically decreasing, but it still exceeds the average level recorded in leading European countries, particularly in relation to adolescents. When assessing the ability to reduce mortality in Poland to the level of Eur-A countries, attention must be paid to the causes considered as avoidable. Further studies ought to focus on the trends and international comparisons only foreshadowed in this study with regard to individual diagnoses, discussing possible preventive measures. Introduction of an ICD-11 classification will enable more accurate coding of causes of death, including a more precise analysis of the burden of rare diseases, which are an increasing challenge to public health in the population at the developmental age.</sec></trans-abstract>

Causes of death in children and adolescents aged 1-19 in Poland in the light of international statistics since 2000

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Urolithiasis is a disease characterized by the presence of stones in the kidney or urinary tract. It is often detected accidentally during an ultrasound or an abdominal x-ray performed for other reasons. However, the first symptom of kidney stone disease can be severe pain called renal colic. Pain caused by a colic attack is characterized by sudden onset. In half of the cases it is associated with nausea or vomiting and can lead to hypotension and fainting. The exact location and radiation of the pain depends on the location of the stone in the urinary tract. The first most commonly performed study is abdominal ultrasound with estimation of the deposit size and evaluation of urinary tract obstruction. Alternative or complementary studies are: an abdominal x-ray where radiopaque deposits can be shown, or unenhanced helical computed tomography of the abdomen. The severity of pain depends on the individual pain threshold and on the change in hydrostatic pressure in the part of the urinary system above the obstruction. Prolonged deposition of the stone in one place causes the activation of autoregulatory mechanisms to lower the pressure of the upper urinary tract, which limits the pain. The basic treatment for renal colic is analgetic therapy. The most commonly used drugs are NSAIDs and opiates. Another important component of renal colic treatment are medications that facilitate urinary stone passage by reducing oedema or limiting urethral contractions, such as: calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Intensive hydration is not currently recommended. Patients who are unlikely to spontaneously excrete the stone are eligible for minimally invasive treatment. The risk of urolithiasis recurring is high, reaching up to 40% in 5 years and up to 50% in 10 years. However, it can be reduced by proper prevention. The paper describes the pathophysiology of pain in renal colic, the treatment methods, and the case of a boy with recurrent renal colic.</abstract>

Pathophysiology and symptoms of renal colic in children – A case report

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title>
Domperidone is a commonly prescribed galactagogue used off-label for lactation insufficiency. Prescriber unfamiliarity or safety concerns can lead to therapeutic delay and potential early breastfeeding discontinuation. To facilitate access, the study site pharmacy department developed a Structured Administration and Supply Arrangement (SASA) for International Board-Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLC) to screen and initiate domperidone using a checklist.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Material</title>
To validate a domperidone screening tool via analysis of its use and compliance, together with a staff satisfaction survey.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Methods</title>
Records were extracted from the REDCap® database for women with documented domperidone supply between 06/05/2022 and 27/01/2023 and reviewed with medical records. A staff survey was distributed assessing compliance and attitudes towards the SASA.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
Records of supply revealed that 34% (17/50) of patients were referred to a physician, revealing a discrepancy between database documentation and checklists, as no referrals were documented. Overall staff satisfaction with the SASA was rated 4.6 out of 5. 77.7% (7/9) felt confident counselling and supplying domperidone with the SASA in place. 88.9% (8/9) felt confident using the checklist to identify the appropriateness of therapy and referral to a physician.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
The system in place allows the IBCLCs to initiate and supply domperidone in a timely manner to breastfeeding mothers with lactation insufficiency. The support tools, including domperidone SASA, REDCap® documentation database and the checklist domperidone as a Galactagogue Checklist, can be greatly appreciated by the LCs. Continued discussion with IBCLCs to refine and improve the SASA and associated education package will result in more consistent compliance.
</sec>
</abstract>

Analysis of a Pharmacy Developed, Outpatient Lactation Consultant Initiated Domperidone Programme

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title>
Assessing bone turnover in paediatric populations is crucial for understanding the physiological changes occurring during skeletal development and identifying potential abnormalities. The objective of this study was to assess osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) levels reflecting bone formation and resorption for age and sex in Polish healthy children and adolescents.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Materials and Methods</title>
A total of 355 healthy normal-weight children and adolescents (46.5% girls) aged 1–18 years old were recruited. Total body less head (TBLH) and spine L1-L4 were used in children to assess bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Bone marker concentrations were determined by immunoenzymatic methods.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
Bone marker levels in girls and boys started with higher values in the first year of life and subsequently decreased until reaching a nadir during the prepubertal period. The pubertal peak values of bone markers were reached at 11–13 years old in boys and at 9–11 years old in girls. After puberty, the adolescents showed a gradual decline in bone marker concentrations to the values observed in adults. We found positive correlations between OC level and TBLH-BMD (r = 0.329, p = 0.002), TBLH-BMD Z-score (r = 0.245, p = 0.023), and L1-L4 BMD (r = 0.280, p = 0.009) in the prepubertal group.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
We showed serum levels of bone turnover markers—BALP, OC, and CTX-I—in relation to age and sex in healthy Polish children and adolescents. The age intervals of these markers for girls and boys aged 1–18 years old may be clinically useful in the assessment of bone metabolism in individuals with skeletal disorders.
</sec>
</abstract>

Assessment of Biochemical Bone Turnover Markers in Polish Healthy Children and Adolescents

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Introduction</title>
Perinatal asphyxia, a leading cause of neonatal mortality and neurological sequelae, necessitates early detection of pathophysiological neurologic changes during hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). This study aimed to review published data on rScO2 monitoring during hypothermia treatment in neonates with perinatal asphyxia to predict short- and long-term neurological injury.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Methods</title>
A systematic review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Study identification was performed through a search between November and December 2021 in the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). The main outcome was short-term (Changes in brain magnetic resonating imaging) and long-term (In neurodevelopment) neurological injury. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) with CRD42023395438.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
380 articles were collected from databases in the initial search. Finally, 15 articles were selected for extraction and analysis of the information. An increase in rScO2 measured by NIRS (Near-infrared spectroscopy) at different moments of treatment predicts neurological injury. However, there exists a wide variability in the methods and outcomes of the studies.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusion</title>
High rScO2 values were found to predict negative outcomes, with substantial discord among studies. NIRS is proposed as a real-time bedside tool for predicting brain injury in neonates with moderate to severe HIE.
</sec>
</abstract>

Cerebral rScO2 Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) During Therapeutic Hypothermia in Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title>
The nutritional practice for newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy during therapeutic hypothermia differs among Polish neonatal care units, as no guidelines are provided. We assessed the prevailing procedures.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Material and Methods</title>
Data was collected through an anonymous, web-based questionnaire. We surveyed aspects of the current nutritional practices and the reasoning behind the choice of the feeding strategy.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
Thirty-one responses were obtained (31/33, 94%). Based on participants’ estimations, 342 newborns are diagnosed with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and qualified for therapeutic hypothermia annually. Among them, almost ⅓ is fed exclusively parenterally, while 71% both ways—parenterally and enterally. In the vast majority of units, the introduction of enteral nutrition takes place during the first 48 hours of therapeutic hypothermia, and breast milk is primarily provided, although with substantial first feeding volume differentiation (an average of 2,9 ml/kg (0,3 - 10ml/kg)). Adverse events, such as necrotising enterocolitis, sepsis, and glycemia level disturbances that derive from the initiation of enteral nutrition, are difficult to estimate as no official statistics are provided.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
The majority of newborns after hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy treated with therapeutic hypothermia are fed both parenterally and enterally during the procedure, predominantly with expressed or donor breast milk. However, due to the lack of nutritional guidelines, significant variability of nutritional strategies concerning initiation time, type and volume of enteral feeds given is noted. Therefore, further studies are required to clarify feeding recommendations.
</sec>
</abstract>

Nutrition of Newborns with Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy during Therapeutic Hypothermia - A Survey of Practice in Polish Neonatal Care Units

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title>
We intend to investigate the association of bolus orogastric tube (BOG) and nipple bottle (N) feedings with postnatal growth in very premature neonates (VPN: gestational age between 28 and 33 weeks).
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Material and methods</title>
The days of life (DOL) to achieve full combined oral and gastric enteral nutrition (FEN) and attain body weight (BW) of 2200 g (Wt22) and the length of hospitalization (LOH) were retrospectively associated with clinical and BOG and N feeding-related variables via multivariate regression analyses. Correlations were performed to ascertain the strength of associations.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
In a cohort of 127 VPN, FEN demonstrated negative associations with gestational age (GA) and LOH and Wt22 with birth weight (BW). FEN showed positive associations with nil by mouth and intravenous fluid-nutrition days and with DOL to start and achieve full nipple feeding. LOH was associated with days on antibiotics and DOL to start and achieve full nipple feeding. Wt22 was associated with DOL to achieve full nipple feeding. The start day of BOG feeding had no independent associations and weak, highly significant positive correlations with Wt22, LOH, and FEN.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusion</title>
Bolus orogastric tube feeding has no independent implications for postnatal growth, duration of hospitalization, or chronological age to attain full enteral nutrition in VPN unless combined with nipple feeding to provide enteral nutrition. Oral bottle feeding accelerates postnatal catch-up growth and full enteral nutrition acquisition while reducing hospitalization duration. Initiating nipple feeding at 32 weeks of postmenstrual age may be safe in stable VPN. Antibiotic therapy increases hospitalization duration.
</sec>
</abstract>

Bolus Feeding Via Gastric Versus Oral Routes in Very Preterm Neonates

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