<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Throughout the twentieth century, the sport has gained much importance in society and sparked interest from various sectors, including the political. Adolf Hitler used the XI 1936 Summer Olympic Games to show the world the strength of Nazi Germany and its rebirth after the defeat in World War I and the impositions of the Versailles Treaty. However, many of the facts historically reported on the 1936 Olympics are contested. The most famous and mythical case of these Olympic Games, and one of the most famous in the history of sport, relates to events that occurred between the American athlete Jesse Owens and the Nazi <italic>Führer</italic>. The aim of this work is to try to show, as faithfully as possible, as some important facts occurred during this event (the contest between Owens and Long in the long jump; if Hitler snubbed Owens; etc.) that helped create the “myth” around Owens; and to present reports of the global media coverage, analyzing the perpetuation of these mythical reports in current media. As methodology was conducted an ample bibliographical research: reports taken from newspapers of the time and current, books, scientific papers, master's thesis, documentaries, etc. Without claiming to prove a single fact, it is intended to provide insight to the reader to draw their own conclusions.</abstract>

Berlin 1936: The Creation of the “Myth” Jesse Owens

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The aim of the paper is to widen knowledge about motivation of elite, recreational athletes and non-athletes. Participants from the elite athletes group (n = 35, 16.7 ± .70 years old) were football players of the Slovak national team. Recreational athletes (n = 31, 16.8 ± .80 years old) and non-athletes (n = 29, 15.7 ± .60 years old) are visiting Grammar School in Zvolen. D-M-V standardized questionnaire was used to determine performance motivation. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov's test disconfirmed the null hypothesis on the normality of data. We used the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests to determine the statistical significance of the differences. The results showed that there were significant (p .0.01) differences with large effect size (η2 ≥ .14) in all the three (the performance motives scale, the anxiety inhibiting performance scale and the anxiety supporting performance scale) dimensions among the research groups. The motivation of elite athletes is significantly higher (p = .048; r = .25) compared to the recreational athletes. Also, compared to the non-athletes, the level of performance motivation is significantly higher (p = .002; r = .51) in the elite athletes. Based on the results of the study we can formulate the statement that the level of performance motivation is contingent on the level of sport activity.</abstract>

Performance Motivation of Elite Athletes, Recreational Athletes and Non-Athletes

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title> Aim of this study was to compare relation between maximal anaerobic power output and 2,000 m test on rowing ergometer and relation between 6,000 m test and 2,000 m on rowing ergometer. It can be assumed that 2,000 m performance on rowing ergometer will significantly correlate with maximal anaerobic power output and 6,000 m performance. A group of 9 welltrained rowers (age: 18.3 years ± 2.8 years, sport age: 4.9 years ± 3.7 years, weight: 78.9 kg ± 12.2 kg, height: 182.3 cm ± 7.6 cm) performed three tests in 1 week to determine maximal anaerobic power, 6,000 m and 2,000 m performance on Concept 2 model D rowing ergometer. A value of simple maximal stroke out of 10-second all-out test with drag factor set to 200 was taken as a measure of maximal anaerobic power. Drag factor for 6,000 m and 2,000 m test was set individually. Average power during these tests was record. Research showed that both maximal anaerobic power and 6,000 m test correlated with 2,000 m test on rowing ergometer significantly (rmap = 0.93 p &lt; 0.01, r6k = 0.95 p &lt; 0.01). Maximal anaerobic power and 6,000 m tests seem to be good predictors for 2,000 m score on rowing ergometer. However, maximal anaerobic power test can be used to monitor rowing performance during specific training cycle instead of longer and more demanding 6,000 m test.</abstract>

Relation between Maximal Anaerobic Power Output and Tests on Rowing Ergometer

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title>Ectomorph often below the average weight characteristics by a “thin frame” and difficult to gain muscle mass and fat. According to similar studies to build their muscle mass under it is necessary to include adequate multiple joints and larger muscle groups in bodybuilding program, in this study by using a wheelchairs, when doing a pushed up. The aim of the study was to improve upper-body strength and endurance among 20 healthy ectomorph male students, selected by the intentional method, according to their weight, which did not correspond to their height. They were controlled while performing push-ups, flexed arm-hangs and chin ups. Our goal was to compare the impacts of two training proposed programs (Traditional with weight (CS) v’s wheelchair (ES)). The training programs were applied for 6-weeks with 15-minute warm-ups integrated through their regular PE basketball courses cycle planned in the second semester. Built on statistical apply, we confirmed that wheelchair is a tool that enhances the upper-body muscles of ectomorph-type better than traditional body-weight training. It was approved in the present study through the use of wheelchair push-up, as an excellent means to increase the upper-body muscle-building strength and endurance better than the classic method used by our PE teachers.</abstract>

Wheelchair Push Up as a Powerful Exercises to Intensify Upper-Body Strength and Endurance Among Ectomorph Students

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the Aerobic endurance training as indicators of physiological training status among male soccer players. A total of 138 well-trained first division soccer players under 18 years were tested. Testing was based on the Cooper test as a one of simple tests to estimate VO2max. BMI and BFP as valued anthropometric measurements to control body change relative to maximal oxygen consumption during dynamic exercise with large muscle groups benefit training time soccer training experience. Performance in this experience was based on the subjection that 60 ml/kg/min of VO2max is the minimum fitness requirement for male soccer players to play at the elite level. Admit in this study as a protocol to categorise our sample into two groups (up and under the range VO2max ± 60 ml/kg/min) and it was based on statistics applied and the design used. Our results highlighted the importance of aerobic performance up to 60 ml/kg/min as the minimum fitness requirement to enhance the players' aerobic capacity allied to maximal heart rate relative to BFP levels as a better parameter in comparison with BMI for the prediction of low VO2max concomitant to the physiological training status as requests soccer performance demand.</abstract>

VO2max levels as a pointer of physiological training status among soccer players

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title> The aim of the study was to determine the status of SE in people with physical disabilities (PwPD) and compare SE scores between active and inactive individuals. The sample of PwPD (n = 186) was divided into two groups of those who are regularly participating in sport (active; n = 88) and those who are not participating in any sport in their leisure (inactive; n = 98). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) was used as a primary research method. 10-item scale measures global self-worth by measuring positive and negative feelings about the self. Higher scores (from 10 to 40 points) indicate higher SE. The Pearson chi-square test was used to determine the differences of 10 RSES items and total scores between active and inactive PwPD. We found that the mean score of RSES in PwPD was 28.83 points; active PwPD observed total score of RSES 30.01 points and group of inactive PwPD showed the lowest SE by achieving 27.76 points. Mean scores comparison of each RSES item between active and inactive PwPD revealed higher SE in the group of active PwPD. Significantly higher SE was presented by 4 from 10 RSES items and by total score in the group of active PwPD. The results of our study confirmed that actively living PwPD have significantly higher SE comparing those PwPD who are living sedentary life style.</abstract>

Self-Esteem in People with Physical Disabilities: Differences between Active and Inactive Individuals

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of self-perceived fatigue symptoms during 48 hours after different physical loads in young male boxers. The research sample comprised a total of 21 adolescent male boxers (mean age 14.00±2.05 years), members of the Slovak club named “Best boxing cub” in Devínska Nová Ves (Slovakia). For 48 hours after one-day national championship and five-day training camp, were young male boxers asked to observe symptoms of fatigue on themselves. The level of self-perceived fatigue (S-PF) was measured with the Training Distress Scale (TDS). In young male boxers was found a very low rate of S-PF during 48 hours after the different physical loads. A lower rate of S-PF was declared after the national championship compared to the 5-day training camp. At both events, fatigue was reported with the same three symptoms of muscle soreness, heavy feelings in arms or legs, and lack of energy. Significantly higher S-PF during 48 hours after 5-day training camp compared to national championship was showed in heavy feelings in arms or legs, restless sleep, being unusually tired during the day, and insomnia. No significant differences in overall TDS between different physical loads were found.
</abstract>

Self-Perceived Fatigue Symptoms After Different Physical Loads in Young Boxers

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
In Germany, different ministries are responsible at state level for sport and physical education. The same applies for Covid-19 pandemic decrees. As a result, different rules and regulations have to be followed depending on the place of residence. The same applies to regulations of physical activity in various settings – kindergarten, school, clubs, municipality. The periods of Covid-19 lockdowns have been marked by nationwide closures of kindergartens, schools and in- and outdoor sport facilities. Resulting in an increase in screen time and sedentary activities (Langmeyer et al. 2020) and a notable decrease in children’s daily physical activity to 23.9 minutes (Schmidt et al. 2020). However, during the first lockdown (22. 03. 2020 – 04. 05. 2020), participation in daily activity increased from 108.8 min. per day before the pandemic to 146.8 minutes per day (Schmidt et al. 2021). This development in more casual sporting activities was not sustained into the second lockdown. Daily activity decreased to 62.2 minutes per day (Schmidt et al. 2021). Only organized sport showed a slight increase from 0.0 to 3.7 minutes per day in lockdown two (Schmidt et al. 2021). This was in spite of the fact that high-level athletes were allowed to train and some sport clubs changed to online offerings.
</abstract>

Physical Activity During Covid-19 Pandemic Lockdowns in Germany – an Overview

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
The purpose of the study was to extend knowledge about physical fitness levels and their development among first-grade elementary school students as a result of school physical and sports education. A total of 23 children participated in the study, and nine physical fitness tests were administered to determine their physical fitness levels (Měkota &amp; Blahuš, 1983; Šimonek, 2015). The <italic>t</italic> test for dependent samples was used to determine changes in physical fitness levels for both sexes. Boys showed significant improvements in the 20-meter dash, repeated routine with a pole, standing long jump and 4 x 10 m shuttle run. Girls showed significant improvements in the 20-meter dash test and a repeated routine with a pole. The results have confirmed the necessity to enhance physical fitness levels in children and systematically develop all motor abilities in physical and sports education classes.
</abstract>

Improving Physical Fitness Levels Among 6- and 7-Year-Old Children as a Result of Physical and Sports Education

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
In April 2021 the “common welfare oriented sports club culture” has been awarded by German UNESCO intangible cultural heritage (ICH). To maintain this award, there has to be a future vision for the immaterial cultural heritage in terms of inclusive, equal opportunity, high-quality education.
In Germany, sports clubs cooperate with (primary) schools in after-school programmes, often organized by the school (ASPO). However, offers of sports clubs are understood as offers for pastime and day-care, on the contrary, offers of other partner of cooperation are regarded as offers of education.
During Corona crises grassroots sports in Germany was forbidden and more than that, ASPO and PE were cancelled immediately, with consequences e.g. for common welfare and health. “Existing concepts no longer work!” (Pühse, oral comment Bratislava 2021). P.E. teachers experimented with homework, but failed. However, exercise instructors and coaches came up with new motivating ideas and sports clubs seem to take over the role of high-quality education. Can the UNESCO award be part of a creative change not only for sports club culture but also for ASPO and excessively so to understanding PE in its multi-perspective? Let´s finally consider it in a future workshop, based on scenario, which reflects the relevant developments.
</abstract>

Can the Unesco Award be a Facilitator to Change the Quality in After-School Programmes? - Visions for Future

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
<bold>Purpose:</bold> The study aimed to investigate the temporal effects of static and dynamic post-activation potentiation (PAP) conditioning activities on agility performance.
<bold>Material and Methods:</bold> Fourteen male adolescent soccer players participated in the study. Participants performed three different conditioning activities randomly on non-consecutive days. Conditioning activities consisted of static, dynamic, and control protocols. The dynamic protocol was performed with the dynamic squat at 85% of 1-repetition maximum while the static protocol was performed 3 repetitions x 3 seconds of the isometric squat. The control protocol only completed a standardized warm-up. After the baseline measurements were taken, all protocols completed the agility test in 15th seconds, 2,4,6,8,10,12,14th minutes. Repeated measures in ANOVA were used to determine differences between PAP protocols and the Bonferroni post hoc test was employed to determine which protocol caused a significant difference.
<bold>Results:</bold> There was no significant difference between protocols in baseline (<italic>p</italic>&lt;.925, ηp2 = 0.006), however, the control protocol caused a significant difference in 15th seconds and 2nd minutes compared to static and dynamic protocols (<italic>p</italic>&lt;.001, ηp2 = 0.73, 0.72, respectively). In the 4th and 6th minutes static and dynamic protocols caused a significant difference compared to control (<italic>p</italic>&lt;.001, ηp2 = 0.46-0.89, respectively), and in the 8th-minute static and dynamic protocols reached the peak performance (<italic>p</italic>&lt;.001, ηp2 = 0.96). Although in the 10-12-14th minutes static and dynamic protocols’ performance values gradually reduced. However, they always were better compared to the control protocol (<italic>p</italic>&lt;.001, ηp2 = 0.91-0.93-0.96, respectively).
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> Adolescent soccer players can benefit from both static and dynamic PAP protocols before competition or halftime to improve performance.
</abstract>

Effects of Static and Dynamic Post-Activation Potentiation Protocols on Change of Direction Performance in Adolescent Soccer Players

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Summary</title>
In this commentary/short communication we build upon our existing research and viewpoints related to the deleterious effects that AAS/Androgen use has, and the growing body of work and case studies/reports that identify the substantially increased risks that AAS/Androgen use presents to those who have (or have had) COVID-19. We position this commentary/short communication then, as one that builds on our prior calls for public health policy to be in part framed by, or at least to recognise the risks, of AAS/Androgen use. This is of particular contemporary importance now that COVID-19 is endemic, and we report on how long COVID-19 (Post COVID-19 syndrome) can present a wide range of lasting <italic>c</italic>ardiovascular problems, a particular issue given that AAS/Androgen use may well exacerbate future health risks aligned to COVID-19.
</abstract>

Heart Disease After Covid: Exacerbated Future Health Risks Aligned to Previous and Existing AAS/Androgen Use

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title> The aim of the study was to compare the satisfaction with quality of life indicators (QoLI) and quality of life domains (QoLD) scores between people with physical disabilities (PPD) and people who are deaf or hard of hearing (PD/HH) from sport participation point of view. The study included 315 individuals with PPD (n = 150; male = 76) and PD/HH (n = 165; male = 85) divided into two groups of those who are regularly participating in sport and those who are not participating in any sport activity in their leisure. The second part of the Subjective Quality of Life Analysis (S.QUA.L.A.) was used. The Pearson chi-square test was used to determine the differences in 23 QoLI and 5 QoLD between PPD and PD/HH from sport participation point of view and student’s two-sample t-test was used to compare overall quality of life (QoL). We found that PD/HH who are participating regularly in sport presented significantly higher satisfaction with 7 evaluated QoLI and with all 5 QoLD. Overall QoL score was significantly higher (p &lt; .01) in PD/HH. In the group of people who are not participating in sport we found significantly higher satisfaction with 13 QoLI in PD/HH and with 8 QoLI in PPD. Satisfaction with 4 QoLD was significantly higher in PD/HH and only with domain (physical health) were significantly higher satisfied PPD (p &lt; .01). Overall QoL score did not show significant differences between groups of people with disabilities who are not participating in any sport. The results of our study confirmed that PD/HH have significantly higher QoL comparing PPD no matter if they participating in sport or not. This evaluation measured by S.QUA.L.A shows that it is a suitable tool to asses QoL in people with different kinds of disabilities.</abstract>

Quality of Life of People with Disabilities from Sport Participation Point of View

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title> Synchronized swimming and aerobic gymnastics are competitive sports that have grown in popularity throughout the Slovakia and around the world. Unfortunately, a paucity of research exists either on anthropometric and physiological characteristics or physical benefits of these sports. The present study examined anthropometric and cardiovascular characteristics of control group - CO (n = 10) in comparison to competitive synchronized swimmers - SS (n = 11) and aerobic gymnasts - AG (n = 10) between the ages of 13 and 25 years. The physical measures were assessed per the protocols in the following order: height (BH), weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), and % body fat (% BF). The measurements of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and maximum heart rate (HRmax) were examined by spiroergometry via COSMED K4b2. All measurements were collected by trained data collection staff. An analysis of variance (Kruskal - Wallis) with a Mann-Whitney U test for the significant effect among the three groups showed that aerobic gymnasts were taller than synchronized swimmers and control group (p = .02). Training and conditioning requirements specific for the two athletic groups caused that AG and SS have higher level of VO2max (p = .02) and VO2max.kg-1 (p = .00), and also lower level of the body weight (p= .01), BMI (p = .01) and the % BF (p = .00). These findings confirm that selected parameters are considered the bases for success in elite sports. This information could also help to design specific training and evaluate the adaptation to training stimuli with the aim to maximize sport performance.</abstract>

Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport,

Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia, Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology,

Anthropometric and Cardiovascular Variables of Elite Athletes

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title>The aim of the study was to extend the knowledge about the internal load of elite young soccer players in small sided games with different parameters in the category under 19 years. The group consisted of 16 elite soccer players under the age of 19. This team competed in the first league of the same age category We have monitored the time spent by players in bio-energy load zones (percentage of maximum heart rate), in small sided games with 2 players against 2, 3 against 3, with the size of the playing field of 25 × 18 meters and 30 × 25 meters. We used basic mathematical and statistical characteristics and Wilcoxon t-test for non-parametric selections. Our study confirmed that in the category under 19 years is valid that the larger number of players (3:3) in small sided games, indicates the players to spend more time in bio-energy zones 4 and 5. Direct correlation also applies to the size of the playing field, depending on the time spent in the load zones 4 and 5. The larger dimension of the pitch indicates to more time the players spend in bio-energy load zones, which is considered to be focal for us. If we want to use them as a way of complex training program (game training), then the small sided games are suitable training strategy.</abstract>

Internal Load of Elite Malaysian Young Soccer Players in Small Sided Games with Different Parameters

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title>The focus of this research was to determine the relative age effect (RAE) on selection in the Slovakia national football teams. A factor that may have a significant impact on the quality of players chosen for the national teams or may result in a poor selection of players for the elite teams. Anthropometric and cognitive acceleration of players born in the first months of the calendar year concerning the overall context of the competition for placement in the national teams may be considered as a significant advantage. The aim of this research was to examine, determine and verify the presence of relative age effect in the selection of football players for the Slovakia national teams starting with the under 16 age category (U-16) through to the A - senior national football team. We presumed that the elite teams under this review and study consisted predominantly of players born in the first quarter of the calendar year, while also presuming that relative age effect receded with the increasing age category. Our survey sample U16 consisted of 79 players, U17 consisted of 47 players, U18 consisted of 58 players, U19 consisted of 71 players, U21 consisted of 52 players and A - senior national team consisted of 302 Slovakia national football players. The information obtained from the Slovak Football Association has been processed by the application of statistical methods and statistical significance test (T-test). Our research confirmed the presence of relative age effect in the U-16, U-17 and U-18 teams under our investigation (p≤0.01). In the U19 and U21 age categories, statistical significance has not been confirmed. As for the senior national team, statistically significant difference has been found in relation to players born in the last quarter of the year as opposed to players born in the first three months of the year (p≤0.01). Our results have shown that with the increasing age, the relative age effect fades and vanishes in full in the category of senior elite players. In the U-19 and U-21 age categories, statistical significance has not been confirmed. Based on this research results it may be recommended to use the advantage of relative age effect for the selection of players of the particular age category in the particular competition (such as e.g. the European Championship qualification, the European Championship final tournament qualification, or the World Cup qualification in the U-16, U-17, U-18 age categories).</abstract>

The Relative Age Effect On The Selection In The Slovakia National Football Teams

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Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae

 Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae (AFEPUC) is the official journal of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava,...

 Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae (AFEPUC) is the official journal of the Faculty of Physical Education and...