<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The milling process has evolved over time, employing various techniques to produce flour with different particle sizes and applications. This paper discusses the advancements in the wheat flour milling process and examines their impact on flour quality. The concept of wheat milling value is also introduced, which refers to the ability of wheat to produce flour with desirable properties and high yield. The importance of wheat cleaning in the milling process is highlighted, along with technological advancements such as color sorting machines and debranning of wheat grains before grinding, which facilitate efficient cleaning and increase flour yield. The progress of wheat conditioning in preparing wheat for milling is also discussed, along with current trends in grinding the wheat kernel. These advancements collectively contribute to enhancing flour quality, production efficiency, and overall milling performance.
</abstract>

The Latest Innovations in Wheat Flour Milling: A Review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Many factors influence milk production and farm development. The most critical factor determining the production is the price of sold milk and indirectly the costs connected with its production. In majority of farms, milk production is profitable. The decisive factors influencing the profitability of milk production are the balance of nutrition and ensuring the welfare of dairy herds. Equally important are the genetic characteristics of cows and proper rearing of calves. The study shows that the modernization of farms also influences the development of milk production by improving the optimization of energy use and reducing labour intensity, and overall optimization of production costs.</abstract>

Factors Influencing the Development of Milk Production in Agricultural Holdings

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
One of the most important fractions of soil organic matter which has significant environmental and agricultural importance is humus. The specific humus compounds of soil include the complex of amorphous organic humic substances which include humic acids, fulvic acids and humins. The effectiveness of the natural formation of active humic substances during composting processes depends on the chemical composition of organic residues and the environmental conditions influencing the development and activity of native microorganisms. The aim of the project was to build innovative composting boxes for chicken manure that allow to effectively obtain a fertilizer with the highest possible content of humic acids, by creating perfect and controlled conditions for the rapid development of indigenous thermophilic microorganisms and by combining it with the owned bio-acceleration technology. For perfect conditions (temperature, humidity, oxygen, pH) for the controlled growth of microorganisms, an algorithm of the dependence of the box operation parameters on the course of the biological process, was built. The product obtained after composting is an easily digestible complex organic fertilizer of brown-black colour, pH 7.5-8.0 and NPK 5:3:4 and a high content of native humic acids. Its use increases the growth of green mass of plants and improves soil fertility, which has been proved by the conducted pot research.
</abstract>

Innovative Technology of Accelerated Composting of Chicken Manure to Obtain an Organic Fertilizer with a High Content of Humic Acids

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In precision agriculture, it is possible to use satellite monitoring of fields. Satellite monitoring systems allow you to get free images with a resolution of up to 10 m per pixel, which is sufficient to determine the state of vegetation of plants on such indicators as the normalized vegetation index NDVI. However, the NDVI indicator already indicates the existing problems of correction which will not help to restore the lost yield of crops, but only helps to prevent further losses. Using the NDSI soil salinity index, it is possible to determine the difference in its properties from spectral images. Also, you can study the vegetation of plants in the early stages of their development, in fact immediately after germination. Soil-adjusted vegetation index, such as MSAVI, is used for this purpose. Studies indicate the possibility of using NDSI and MSAVI indicators for early diagnosis of confirmed crops NDVI and NDRE (indicating chlorophyll activity in plants) at later stages of their development. Studies conducted on soybean, spring barley and maize crops sown in the spring of 2021 indicate a correspondence between raster field maps show-ing the above indices made from March to July. Statistical analysis of raster images of field maps using specialized software showed a correlation between NDSI and MSAVI in March and May, respectively, with NDVI and NDRE indexes in June and July. Therefore, it is possible to judge the expediency of using NDSI and MSAVI indicators for early diagnosis of possible problems with plant vegetation, as well as for the creation of maps of differential fertilization.
</abstract>

Comparison of NDVI, NDRE, MSAVI and NDSI Indices for Early Diagnosis of Crop Problems

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Analysis of patent solutions and research of scientific-research literature in the field of grain processing with technical devices, e.g. kneaders in relation to the quality and digestibility in feed doses of the obtained syrup for the development of beef and dairy cattle was performed. Assumptions of the development trend of feed production, new technologies based on grain, which allow improvement of the quality of feed and reliability of technological lines of animal nutrition, reduce energy consumption, reduce losses were presented. In this regard, reduction of the cost of producing feed compared for example to the production of fodder beet or sugar beet from 1.5 to 2 times is possible.</abstract>

Technology and Equipment for Obtaining Starch Syrup with Ground and Whole Cereal Grain

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Electromagnetic energy can alter metabolic and biosynthetic processes and under certain parameters of pulsed EMF it can change pulse repetition frequency, operation cycle, power, exposure, as well as it can slow down and inhibit cell growth. MW irradiation range of RNA and DNA – containing virus reduces their infectivity. Inhibition of bacterial cultures growth, changes in phagocytic activity of protein biosynthesis, ultrastructural changes in the cells when exposed to EMF EHF. It was found in experiments with micro-organisms that biological effects of EMF on microorganisms wore a resonant character. One of the basic mechanisms of inhibitory action of EHF radiation on harmful microorganisms is the role of membranes in biological reactions of microorganisms on the EMR.</abstract>

Analysis of Broadband Antenna Radiation Pulses

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Plants belonging to the Apiaceae family (including <italic>Levisticum officinale</italic> WDJ Koch) are rich sources of phytochemicals and secondary metabolites, with possible health-promoting and agrochemical potential. The objective of this work was to provide important guidelines for controlling conventional aqueous extraction to obtain <italic>Levisticum officinale</italic> root extracts with maximised levels of bioactive compounds. The ultimate goal was to optimise the total phenolic compounds, flavonoid content, sugars, and total antioxidant capacity to identify the process conditions necessary to produce highly bioactive extracts that could be used in a wide range of industries. Biomass extraction of lovage root was carried out using water as the extraction solvent. To perform the optimisation of the aqueous extraction, multivariate regression models were used and multi-criteria analysis was performed using Pareto set navigation. Pareto front analysis showed that for the maximum extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from <italic>Levisticum officinale</italic>, the optimal extraction process parameters were 0.0714 g·mL−1 as biomass/water ratio and a time of 35.7142 min, at the highest analysed temperature. For the highest analysed value of plant biomass/solvent ratio (0.075 g·mL−1) and maximum process temperature (95ºC), extraction could be carried out for 20 min or in the range 37.1429-38.5714 min. On the other hand, if the extraction time reaches 40 min and the sam-ple/solvent ratio 0.075 g·mL−1, the optimum process temperature is be-tween 75ºC and 95ºC.
</abstract>

Multi-Objective Optimization of the Green Extraction Conditions of Bio-Active Compounds from a <italic>Levisticum officinale</italic> WDJ Koch: Pareto Optimality and Compromise Solutions for Process Management

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
An important task of food engineering, namely grain processing and the pro-duction of cereals and fodder, is the improvement of hulling equipment and the creation of complex technological lines for the processing of the original crops is gaining particular relevance. The reason for this is the need to carry out several preparatory stages, and, as a result, the use of additional equipment. To solve this problem, a string hulling device had been developed, the use of which allows reducing the number of operations due to the exclusion of preliminary sorting into fractions and wet-heat treatment. These operations are required by other hulling machines included in the technological lines of buckwheat processing. The structural scheme of the string hulling device had been developed and the principle of the shell removal operation had been substantiated. Theoretical studies had been carried out by the methods of analysis and synthesis of the mechanics of destruction and systematic analysis of the process of buckwheat hulling by impact. Experimental studies had been carried out using a laboratory string hulling device. The conducted analytical studies made it possible to determine the regularity between the physical and mechanical characteristics of buckwheat and the critical linear impact speed necessary for the destruction of the shell. This allows deter-mining the frequency of rotation of the string at which the destruction of the shell will occur while preserving the integrity of the core. Experimental studies made it possible to determine the quality of buckwheat hulling by determining the coefficient of integrity of the kernel and the coefficient of hulling. It has been determined that the ranges of the rotation frequency of the strings required to ensure a high degree of the buckwheat hulling technological process efficiency are within 15.8-16.9 s−1.
</abstract>

Design and Efficiency of a String Hulling Machine for Buckwheat

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of the forming die openings shape on processing parameters of the extrusion-cooking process and on the selected properties of gluten-free crisps. The experiment used blends of corn grits, unroasted buckwheat, rice, and dried blackberries. The extrusion process of gluten-free crisps was carried out via a prototype EXP-45-32 single-screw extruder with L/D=16. During the tests, 5 different forming dies were assessed: 2 openings with a diameter of 2 mm each, 1 round opening with a diameter of 3 mm, 1 cross-shaped opening, a star and a heart. During the tests, the processing efficiency and energy consumption of the extrusion process were tested, and the expansion index, bulk density and hardness of the crisps were investigated. The research demonstrated that the forming die shape affects the efficiency and energy consumption of the extrusion-cooking process of crisps. The lowest efficiency was found if a heart-shaped die was used, and the highest efficiency was determined in the case of a star-shape die. Moreover, the highest specific energy consumption was noted when using a star-shaped die during crisps extrusion. Crisps obtained using dies with larger diameters were characterized by a lower expansion index. The complicated shape of the die opening resulted in less expansion of the obtained crisps. The highest bulk density and hardness were found in the case of crisps obtained on a star-shaped forming die.
</abstract>

Influence of the Forming Die Design on Processing and Physical Properties of Gluten-Free Crisps

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Storage is a crucial component of a sustainable and efficient food supply system. Reduction of postharvest losses and waste is a vital strategy to improve efficiency, ensure product availability, and reduce environmental impact. Asparagus (<italic>Asparagus officinalis</italic> L.) boasts a high nutritional value and complex of phytonutrients. Yet, the storage period for fresh asparagus is quite short, leading to rapid quality deterioration. An effective method to extend storage periods involves postharvest treatments using the natural biopolymer chitosan. The aim of the research was to assess the effectiveness of applying sustainable postharvest treatments based on chitosan and rutin, with a focus on losses and waste reduction during asparagus storage. The impact of the applied storage technology on the visual appeal and sensory attributes of asparagus, along with its effects on respiratory metabolism, weight loss, soluble solids, soluble carbohydrates, chlorophylls, and carotenoids, was systematically assessed. The findings indicate that the post-harvest treatment using chitosan and rutin effectively preserves the visual characteristics of asparaguswhen the storage period is prolonged to a week. A major advantage of this technology is a substantial reduction in waste, achieving the levels of 1.0-1.5%. The proportion of standard products post-storage ranged from 94.4% to 96.0%. The treatment with chitosan and rutin efficiently reduces weight loss by half and suppresses the respiration rate, leading to decreased losses in soluble solids, carbohydrates, chlorophylls, and carotenoids during storage. These outcomes underscore the effectiveness of the applied coating in impeding metabolic processes, resulting in minimized quantitative and qualitative losses in the product quality during a prolonged storage.
</abstract>

Effect of Asparagus Chitosan-Rutin Coating on Losses and Waste Reduction During Storage

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The object of the study is the process of separation of seed material according to the seed density on the working surface of the pneumatic sorting table. The main defining design variables and linkage parameters of the equipment are analyzed, which realizes the process of separation of seed materials, and is coordinated with physical and mechanical variables of raw materials. The principles of modeling of seed material layer movement as a multiphase medium are provided. Under the effect of working surface vibrations and the power of an airstream the layer take on the properties of pseudoliquid. The criteria of chosen variables are presented, on which depend quality and quantity indicators of the separation process of seed materials according to the seed density. Optimal values of the separator linkage parameters are analytically determined and dependence diagrams are built. Secant lines of surfaces for a concrete crop (raw material) are performed. The “purity” of heavy fraction during the variation of indicated parameters is studied. It is proved that there are differences in types of the dependences: different decreasing of functions and increasing of airstream velocity. It is obvious that this nature is determined by difference in density of original raw materials. This way the smallest influence a change in the air-stream velocity causes to soybean raw material, as soybean has the biggest density. At the same time, the biggest affect is provoked on sunflower seeds, which have the smallest density among the used types of raw materials, as well as a triangle form.
It is determined that the maximal frequency of the basic fraction, gained by the separation of wheat seed material on PST, is obtained under the airstream velocity in the range 1.3-1.5 m·s−1. For corn the rational air-stream velocity falls in the range 1.3-1.6 m·s−1, for sunflower – 1.2-1.4 m·s−1, for soybean – 1.2-1.4 m·s−1. These figures are valid under the condition of using the relevant rational decisions of frequency and amplitude of vibrations of pneumatic sorting table deck during the separation of grain mixtures, as well as longitudinal and transverse angles of inclination. The veracity of experimental studying results is proved by the corresponding theoretical models of the process.
</abstract>

Determination of Ways of Improving the Process of Separation of Seed Materials on the Working Surface of the Pneumatic Sorting Table

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study focused on an engineering problem of heat and mass transfer in infrared (IR) assisted heat pump (HP) drying of purple yam including both a drying experiment and theory of heat and mass transfer mathematical equations. The experimental drying of yam by the IR assisted HP drying method was performed to evaluate the effect of IR power on drying rate and heating rate. The input drying parameters included the drying air temperature of 50°C, drying air velocity of 2.5 m·s−1 and IR power of 0, 300 and 350 W, in which, at the IR power of 0 W, the HP-only drying mode was performed. The experimental drying results showed that the IR assisted HP drying method could improve the drying rate and heating rate as compared to HP-only drying. At the IR power of 350 W, the drying time was the shortest (150 minutes), followed by the IR power of 300 W (210 minutes) and HP-only drying (300 minutes). The IR assisted HP drying obtained the high heating rate as the time required for the drying material to reach the drying temperature was about 35 and 25 minutes corresponding to the IR power of 300 and 350 W. While in HP-only drying, it took about 270 minutes for the drying material’s temperature to reach nearly the drying air temperature value. Besides, the comparison between the predicted data by numerically solving the heat and mass transfer equations and experimental drying data was also conducted. The analysis results indicated that the predicted data could be used to predict the experimental data accurately. The theoretical results of heat and mass transfer in the IR assisted HP drying process as well as experimental drying results would be the basis for improving the IR assisted HP drying equipment to achieve the drying efficiency including the drying rate, quality of dried products, and energy consumption.
</abstract>

Heat and Mass Transfer in Infrared Assisted Heat Pump Drying of Purple Yam

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This paper presents research on the impact of printing speed on the strength of a manufactured object and is the next stage of the author's research on the impact of technological parameters of 3D printing on the strength of printed models. The tested universal specimens were printed using the FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) method from PLA (polylactic acid, polylactide). The paper presents the maximum breaking force of the samples and the time of printing samples depending on the printing speed, which varied from 20 mm·s−1 to 100 mm·s−1. The research indicates that the strength of samples decreases with increasing speed. In the range of 50-80 mm·s−1, the strength of the specimens remined at a similar level, however, above 80 mm·s−1, it decreased significantly.</abstract>

Impact of Print Speed on Strength of Samples Printed in FDM Technology

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The solid fraction, according to many researches, is an effective organic fertilizer, the activity of which is at the level of mineral fertilizers and even exceeds their effectiveness, while the use of the liquid fraction does not always give positive results. In the article the optimal concentration of the liquid fraction in water solution for fertilization during cultivation of onion for chives in soil was determined. Sediment from biogas production was obtained at the thermophilic fermentation (50ºC) of cattle manure in the laboratory institution which operated at the periodical regime of loading. Fermentation lasted 25 days. Seven variants of plant feeding were assessed: clean water (control), mineral fertilizers (solution of ammonium nitrate in water in the concentration of 1:25), unsolved liquid biofuel fraction and mixture of liquid fraction from the postferment with water in concentrations of 1:10, 1:50, 1:100, 1:500. It was determined that the highest efficiency was observed in case of fertilization of plants with the mixture of liquid fraction from postferment with concentration of 1:500. Along with the increase of liquid fraction concentration and fertilization of plants with water solution of mineral fertilizers, onion productivity dropped slightly. Fertilization of plants with the liquid fraction from postferment resulted in fractional dying of plants and reduction of efficiency. The crop control of nitrogen content proved that in case of every day watering of onion with clean water and mixture of liquid fraction with water concentration of 1:100-1:500 did not exceed the maximum admissible concentration which is 800 mg·kg−1. Thus, in case of onion cultivation for chives, taking into consideration the crop growth and low nitrogen content, it is recommended to use the mixture of liquid fraction with water of 1:500 concentration.</abstract>

Impact of Sediment Formed in Biogas Production on Productivity of Crops and Ecologic Character of Production of Onion for Chives

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper discusses competitiveness of the agro-industrial sector, which is a multifaceted concept that characterizes its ability to compete in both domestic and foreign markets. Ukraine has significant opportunities to develop the agricultural sector and turn it into a highly efficient branch of economy. Favorable soil and climate conditions, and fertile land contribute to its further development, obtaining agricultural crops in volumes sufficient to meet domestic needs and build export potential. The production process of agricultural goods takes longer than in industry. Therefore, at the stage of determination of the production program of an agricultural enterprise, it is very difficult to respond on time to changes in consumer demand and increase the product competitiveness within the already established production schemes in the markets. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of growing the studied crops in a typical farm in Central Ukraine and offer a roadmap for making management decisions when planning a production program. For this purpose, a method based on calculations of the gross margin, total expenses, production thresholds, profitability, and payback of production factors was chosen.
</abstract>

Economic Efficiency and Internal Competitive Advantages of Grain Production in the Central Region of Ukraine

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The objective of the paper was to carry out a bibliometric quantitative analysis of publications concerning the application of artificial neural networks in the research area - agriculture and a bibliometric quantitative analysis and subject analysis with regard to agricultural engineering. A number of scientific publications devoted to the ANN found in the data base of the Web of Science - in documents published to 2015 was a basis for the quantitative analysis. Research on the use of artificial neural networks in the research area - agriculture is extending systematically. Moreover, a rapidly growing number of citations prove a continuous increase in the scientists’ interest in possibilities of the ANN applications. The quantitative analysis of scientific publications in 5 selected scientific journals and thematically related to agricultural engineering (indexed in the Web of Science) allowed a statement that 236 scientific articles from 1996- 2015 were related to the ANN application. The biggest number of publications was reported in Computers and Electronics in Agriculture - 118 articles. In 2011-2015 there was a growing trend in dynamics of publishing of scientific papers devoted to the ANN application to agricultural engineering. Thus, we may assume that the research related to application of the artificial neural networks to agricultural engineering will be continued and their scope and number will be still growing. The thematic analysis of the most often quoted publications from 2011-2015 in the journal Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, proved that they concern both the issues related to the classification problem as well as to modelling processes and systems. We should suppose that the subjects related to modelling of drying processes and application of neural networks for image analysis will grow dynamically in the following years.</abstract>

Present Trends in Research on Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Agricultural Engineering

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The aim of the research was to determine the effect of extrusion conditions (various moisture content of raw materials and screw rotation speed), as well as the effect of recipe composition on the process efficiency and the energy consumption during treatment of potato and multigrain products. The efficiency of the extrusion process (Q) was determined by the mass of the product obtained at a given time for all prepared raw material mixtures and the process parameters used, while the specific mechanical energy demand was determined using the SME index. The obtained results allow to conclude that the level of raw materials moisture content had a greater impact on the efficiency and energy consumption of the extrusion process than the variable screw speed during the treatment. The efficiency of the process increased with the increasing moisture of the tested compositions, while a decrease in the requirements of SME was observed. The use of differentiated raw material compositions also influenced the Q and SME values determined during the tests.</abstract>

Process Efficiency and Energy Consumption During the Extrusion of Potato and Multigrain Formulations

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Biodiesel has become more attractive material for its properties such as biodegradability, renewability and very low toxicity of its combustion products. A higher quality of this fuel is essential in its potential commercialization. Analytical methods used in biodiesel analysis are constantly refined. The most popular analytical techniques include chromatography and molecular spectroscopy. The ATR-FTIR spectroscopy is one of the most important methods of spectroscopy. This paper presents the results of studies on selected oils of natural origin using ATR-FTIR infrared absorption spectroscopy. Three types of oils from pumpkin seeds and winter rapeseed were analysed. The main fatty acids were also determined in all the samples.</abstract>

Profile of Fatty Acids and Spectroscopic Characteristics of Selected Vegetable Oils Extracted by Cold Maceration

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Agricultural Engineering

Online ISSN: 2449-5999, Print ISSN: 2083-1587  The following are published in "Agricultural Engineering" Journal:   scientific papers which include original results of the...

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Online ISSN: 2449-5999, Print ISSN: 2083-1587  The following are published in "Agricultural Engineering" Journal:   scientific papers...

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