<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold>Introduction</bold>. The aim of the study was to compare CMAs in elite wrestlers and taekwon-do competitors. <bold>Material and methods</bold>. Forty-nine Greco-Roman wrestlers and ITF taekwon-do competitors were included in the study. The wrestlers were 21.9±2.74 years old, while the taekwon-do competitors were 22.7±5.78 years old. The former group had between 7 and 14 years' training experience and the latter group had from 6 to 16 years' experience. All subjects were elite sportspeople (between first class and international master class levels). Five CMAs were assessed using 14 indices. Computer tests from the Vienna Test System were employed in the study. <bold>Results</bold>. It was shown that there were no significant differences in CMA levels between wrestlers and taekwon-do competitors. Wrestlers from higher sports classes outperformed competitors who possessed lower sports classes in the majority of CMA indices. Statistically significant differences were observed for simple reaction, movement coupling and high frequency of movements. Taekwon-do competitors at the international master sports class (IM) level scored better than athletes who were at national master class (NM) and first class (I) levels in spatial orientation, reaction time, movement coupling and high frequency of movements. Regardless of the type of combat sport, competitors demonstrated high individual differences in CMAs, which may indicate that a focus on coordination improvement could increase training effectiveness. <bold>Conclusions</bold>. Further research on identifying predominant CMAs in sportspeople at different levels of competition, particularly in those achieving significant sports successes may be conducted. Tests to thoroughly diagnose coordination should be employed in such investigations.</abstract>

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Sports Theory, 2 Akademicka Street, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, tel.: +48 83 3428751, fax: +48 83 3428800

The Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Department of Combat Sports and Weightlifting

The Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Department of Biomedical Bases of Physiotherapy and Cosmetology

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Department of Medical Rehabilitation

Selected Coordination Motor Abilities in Elite Wrestlers and Taekwon-Do Competitors

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold>Introduction</bold>. Body build and the ability to maintain balance play an important role in the development and improvement of specialised motor habits and complex technical elements necessary to achieve significant sporting results in rhythmic gymnastics. The aim of this study was to determine changes in the level of ability to maintain dynamic balance and in the construction of somatic young female rhythmic gymnasts during a period of two year training. <bold>Material and methods</bold>. The research material consisted of 13 girls. When the first measurements were taken gymnasts were aged 7 - 12 years. In the study we utilised posturography and the Heath-Carter Anthropometric Somatotype Method. The analysis of the study showed that there were statistically significant differences (p &lt;0.05) in the values of the dynamic balance indicators of the gymnasts' bodies in all three consecutive measurements over a course of years. <bold>Results and conclusions</bold>. It was noted that as the young gymnasts progressed in their training, their ability to maintain dynamic balanced increased. Based on the characteristics of the model, we developed an exemplary set of dynamic balance of rhythmic gymnasts. The somatotype of the tested athletes surveyed had been changing in the direction of increase in the proportion of components of endomorphy and mesomorphy. The balance ability of rhythmic gymnasts stabilised during their puberty associated with changes in body proportions ratio i.e.: height, weight and somatotype. The results and conclusions drawn can be an important part of selection and choice and can be used to control the dynamic balance in rhythmic gymnastics.</abstract>

The Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Department of Gymnastics and Sport for All, 34 Marymoncka Street, 00-968 Warszawa, tel.: +48 22 8340431 ext. 373, fax: +48 22 8651080

The Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education, 1 2 Department of Gymnastics and Sport for All , Department of Physiology

Changes in Somatic Parameters and Dynamic Balance in Female Rhythmic Gymnasts Over a Space of Two Years

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold>Introduction</bold>. This essay introduces an innovative high jump technique modeling method that uses a cascaded fuzzy neural network. An interactive system for the prediction of the success of a high jump has been designed based on this method and it allows the creation of an individual model for highly skilled athletes to control the jumper's technical training. <bold>Material and methods</bold>. The research material included a video recording of 92 high jumps and analysis by 48 kinematic characteristics. The result allowed the fine tuning of the cascaded fuzzy neural network model in order to analyse successful and failed jumps. <bold>Results and conclusions</bold>. We have developed the interactive system based on the analysis of kinematic characteristics of the high jump and this allows individual performance models to be tailored for elite athletes. With the help of this instrument, which takes into account the individual biomechanical features of an athlete's jumping style, we can analyze all stages of a jump in detail, improve the technique through the targeted correction of specific motions and achieve the optimal combination of kinematic values for the best possible result.</abstract>

Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism, Department of Natural Sciences, Sirenevyi Boulevard 4, Moscow, Russia, tel.: +7 9265824748, fax +7 4991665471

Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism in Moscow Department of Natural Sciences

Innovative Modeling Method in Technical Training of High Jumpers

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold>Introduction</bold>. In recent years spending free time in the Lublin Region has been more frequently related to equestrian tourism based on the infrastructure of the existing centres. Papers published so far focus mainly on a detailed description of features of horses used for equestrian tourism. Few papers have analysed offers and issues related to the promotion of this form of tourism. There is no paper discussing the spatial distribution of equestrian tourism centres, or analysing their offer at the regional scale. In response to this, a study was undertaken with special consideration of the features of the natural environment. <bold>Material and methods</bold>. In the period from October 2010 to April 2011, secondary information (statistics, registers, scientific papers) was analysed and primary material (field inventory, diagnostic interviews and an opinion poll) on the state of equestrian tourism in the Lublin Region was collected. <bold>Results</bold>. The analysis of the spatial distribution of 61 equestrian tourism centres subject to the inventory reveals that the highest number of centres function in the Zamooeæ and Biała Podlaska poviats. The comparison of offers in the scope of equestrian tourism in the Lublin Region shows that the basic offer of the region includes four kinds of services: horse riding, sleigh riding, chaise riding and horse riding courses. The highest number of horse treks is offered by centres in the Biała Podlaska poviat. <bold>Conclusions</bold>. In view of the data obtained, an asset in the scope of the development of equestrian tourism is the structure of offers directed at tourists and the infrastructure that already exists. Moreover, the development of this form of tourism is favoured by the features of the natural environment; the majority of trails and centres are located in environmentally valuable areas. Particularly the landscape, the filtrating-detoxicating properties of plant assemblages, their bioclimate and aesthetic value should contribute to the development of a complex offer (appropriate promotional package) of equestrian tourism in the Lublin Region</abstract>

Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Department of Regional Geography and Tourism, 2cd Kraoenicka Avenue, 20-718 Lublin, tel.: +48 81 537 68 51, fax: + 48 81 537 68 62

Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Department of Regional Geography and Tourism

The State of Development of Equestrian Tourism in the Lublin Region in the Context of Environmental Conditions

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold>Introduction</bold>. The locus of control and the sense of competence are the psychological resources relevant to the taking-up and continuation of actions in certain situations. They are important regulating factors of the relationships between the man and the environment. It seems that, in such a specific field as martial arts are, these characteristics are useful and their identification and targeted strengthening desirable. The aim of the research presented in this paper was to gather knowledge about the sense of competence and self-control of young people practicing martial arts, as well as the relationship between these variables. <bold>Materials and methods</bold>. A total of 39 people aged 14-19 years participated in this research. All of them practiced martial arts. They had an average of more than two years training. Data were collected through the (KBPK) Locus of control Questionnaire (by G. and A. Krasowicz Kurzyp-Wojnarski) and the Personal Competence Scale KompOs (by Z. Juczyñski), and a questionnaire designed specifically for this research. <bold>Results</bold>. Statistical analyses conducted for the study have showed that the respondents represent a transient sense of locus of control, and average levels of personal competence in the field of strength and perseverance. Out of the measured variables, the locus of control in the event of success and a sense of strength were relatively highest. These variables also proved to be interdependent. Analysis also allowed for identification of many other relationships between the variables. <bold>Conclusions</bold>. Our findings may provide a clue for a possible modification of programs mentally preparing young athletes for martial arts sports. They may also act as suggestions sensitise trainers to specific psychosocial needs of young athletes.</abstract>

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Psychology, 2 Akademicka Street, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, tel.: +48 83 3428779, fax: +48 83 3428800

University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

The Locus of Control and the Sense of Personal Competence in Young Athletes Practicing Martial Arts

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold>Introduction</bold>. Physical activity is an important factor in health risk prevention, which improves the quality of life, as well as promotes both physical and mental health preservation [1, 2]. Each year, the lack of physical activity causes death of 600,000 people in Europe - approximately 6% of the total population [3]. Despite the significant number of studies that have been conducted on students' physical activity, it is also being claimed that studies on the teenage group are essential yet scarce, and the results are ambiguous [4]. This confirms the need for more such studies in order to better determine the significant factors in the promotion of students' physical activity. <bold>Material and methods</bold>. 339 students aged 11 to 19 participated in the collection of data base: 147 boys and 192 girls. Average age of participants was: 14.6 years. 75 students aged 14-19 years (33 girls and 42 boys) were involved in the pedagogical experiment. The average age of the participants was 16-19 years in School 1 (11 girls and 18 boys), and 14-17 years in School 2 (19 girls and 27 boys). Average age of participants was: 16.3 years. Three sports teachers participated in the pedagogical experiment as well. During the course of the experiment, teachers developed a model of pedagogical interaction in physical education classes. At each school the experiment lasted for 14 weeks. In both schools physical education classes were held twice a week. <bold>Results</bold>. Based on factor analysis, a model of pedagogical interactions promoting physical activity of students was developed. According to the results of the physical activity habits test (inventory) we can conclude that students have experienced positive and statistically significant changes in their physical activity. The boys were considerably more active during classes where the teacher was present as a participant of physical activities. <bold>Conclusions</bold>. Teachers and students remark that the applied contents of the pedagogical interaction model have positive effects on the interaction between students and teachers and stimulate physical activity of students.</abstract>

Teacher Role Model and Students' Physical Activity

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Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism

The Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism (ISSN: 1899-1998, e-ISSN: 2082-8799) publishes manuscripts in Polish and English encompassing external various fields of medical and health sciences, physical culture and natural sciences linked with sport, physical education, sports medicine as well as tourism and physical recreation.  The journal publishes the following types of papers:    original research papers (maximum 12 standard pages of typescript, including tables, figures, references and abstract),  review papers commissioned by the Editor (maximum 20 standard pages of typescript, including documentation),  short communications (maximum 3 standard pages of typescript plus one table or figure and up to 5 references),  letters to the Editor expressing an opinion on previously published manuscripts or a comment connected with the journal’s issues (maximum 2 standard pages of typescript),  news (information on conferences, abstracts of Ph.D. thesis and Post-Doc. thesis, book reviews, biographical notes),  advertisements that may be printed on separate pages of the periodical (prices are subject to individual negotiations).   Why subscribe and read   High standard of contents;  Good publishing quality available in both forms, electronic and printed;  The journal presents the views of all scientific disciplines dealing with physical education, recreation, tourism, health and fitness, and sport science;   Why submit   Indexed in abstracting databases and evaluated by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education;  Fair and constructive peer review by experts in the field;  The journal is developing very rapidly;   The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges;   Rejection Rate   80%   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.  