<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Introduction. Contemporary women are more and more independent nowadays and emancipation of women is also visible in sports. The aim of the study was to present certain personality traits of female athletes training selected combat sports. The authors claim that taking up the aforementioned activity is an attempt at overcoming stereotypical attitude to a social role of women. The analysis of results revealed psychological profiles of female athletes. Material and methods. The research included women aged 17 to 36 (N=199). The first group (N=94) consisted of athletes training boxing, judo, wrestling and taekwon-do, the majority of whom had a master sports class. The second group included women not training any sports (N=105). The research was conducted with the use of the following tools: Psychological Gender Inventory, Temperament Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R), Creative Behaviour Questionnaire and personal questionnaire created by the authors. Conclusions. The analysis of the material showed that female athletes training combat sports contest traditional femininity since they have more personality traits traditionally attributed to men (high level of masculinity). High psychoticism of the athletes is also perceived as a tendency to break conventions. As highly non-conformist individuals, they live according to their own system of values training sports which are stereotypically treated as masculine. Combat sports are trained by women with low emotional and sensory reactivity, which gives them advantageous position in sports competition.</abstract>

Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Department of Psychology

Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science, Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding

Selected Personality Traits of Women Training Combat Sports

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Introduction. Differences and inequalities connected with the place where a person lives are a subject of interest to social sciences, sociology in particular. Empirical findings indicate that residents of urban and rural areas differ significantly in terms of such variables as physical development, health condition, life expectancy, affluence, education level, access to power, cultural capital and so on. It is interesting to check whether the above regularity also applies to young people's attitudes towards physical culture. The aim of this study was to examine attitudes which middle school pupils (ages between 13 and 16) in Poland's urban and rural areas held to physical culture. Material and methods. The study involved a survey conducted between 10th November 2011 and 10th March 2012 on a purposive sample of 336 children. They were pupils aged 13-16 in two middle schools in Świętokrzyskie province: the Jan Karski no. 4 Middle School in the city of Kielce and the John Paul II Middle School in the village of Masłów, Kielce county. The diagnostic poll method was used in the study and an original, categorised poll was the research tool. The surveying technique was an auditorium questionnaire. Results. After analysis, empirical data obtained from the survey shows that the place of residence causes slights differences in middle school pupils' attitudes towards physical culture. The data allows for the conclusion that pupils from urban areas possess a little better knowledge of physical culture than their peers from rural areas. Pupils from villages have, in turn, a slightly more positive emotional approach to physical culture than pupils in cities. Urban middle school pupils manifest more positive behaviours within physical culture than rural pupils. The place of residence does not cause such striking differences in attitudes to physical culture as it does in other social and cultural variables, such as affluence, education level, access to power, health condition, fitness, participation in culture and so on.</abstract>

The Impact of the Place of Residence on Middle School Pupils' Attitudes towards Physical Culture

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Introduction. The aim of the study was to assess the teacher's performance during developing motor skills in students by physical education teachers. Results and findings from the assessment of preparatory, indicatory, control, correcting and pro-social activities are presented in the paper. Motivating and informing activities were assessed and reported in the first part of the study [1]. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 55 upper-secondary schools in the Lubelszczyzna province. Thirty female and 52 male teachers, representing all stages of the professional career, participated. Based on a pre-defined form used for the surveillance, data from 315 school classes was collected. Results. The data was analysed with respect to gender and the stage of professional career of the participants. Significant differences in the conduct of the subsequent activities were found between male and female teachers. Minor tendencies towards alterations were observed among individual stages of the career. Conclusions. In general, the studied teachers performed satisfactorily as regards students' motor skills' development, regardless their stage of professional career, and gender.</abstract>

Teachers' Performance in Relation to Teaching of Motor Skills during Lessons of Physical Education

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Introduction. Respecting a child's need for physical activity is an extremely important factor that determines proper development of preschool children. To meet this demand children need approximately 6 hours (boys) or 5 hours and 15 minutes of activity (girls) [1]. However, for many years we have seen serious neglect in terms of meeting children's need for physical activity and for staying outdoors. The aim of this study was to define to what extent the older preschool children's need for physical activity and staying outdoors was satisfied. Material and methods. An interview with parents and an observation technique were employed in the study. The obtained data were used to draw up an activity card that included activities undertaken by a child in a period of 24 hours. An assessment of physical activity consisted of highlighting movement activities on the card and noting their duration (in minutes). A proper classification was developed to determine to what degree the examined children's need for physical activity and staying outdoors was fulfilled. Results and conclusions. Movement activities organised in a kindergarten are the basic form of physical activity of preschool children. It is the only form of physical activity for children whose needs are not fully met (slightly more than half of the children). Children with sufficient physical activity (every third child is exposed to the activity defined as satisfactory, while every tenth child's needs are fulfilled to a very good degree) undertake extra (spontaneous) activities such as outdoor games and plays as well as activities selected by adults. The research revealed that it is necessary to increase the duration of daily physical activities at home and at a kindergarten and to hold outdoor games and plays more frequently.</abstract>

An Outline of the Issue of the Need for Physical Activity among Preschool Children – As Exemplified by BiałA Podlaska Area

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Introduction. During WWII, the Owl Mountains were the site of a large-scale military investment codenamed Riese. This project called for the construction of underground passages using concentration camp prisoners as laborers. Material and methods. On the basis of terrain inventory, analysis was conducted of the tourism management of six military-historical complexes of Project Riese and their environs. Tourists were polled to determine how attractive they found one of these - the Rzeczka complex - as a tourist destination. Results. The results obtained in the study led to the conclusion that the complexes' infrastructure and tourist attractions meet the needs of tourist activity in the area. In the case of the municipalities where complexes are located, it was determined that they are not being adequately developed. Conclusions. At present, the Project Riese complexes are seeing the development of various forms of tourism. An important problem with the development of tourism there is the conflict between the need to protect the environment and cultural heritage and the development of commercial and recreational tourism services.</abstract>

The Development of Tourism at Military-Historical Structures and Sites – A Case Study of the Building Complexes of Project Riese in the Owl Mountains

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Introduction. Promotion in managing local government units constitutes a significant element of communication with various groups of stakeholders, mainly with inhabitants and tourists. This instrument is playing a more and more significant role in the competition for limited resources. Therefore, its significance for territorial marketing is growing. The aim of the study was to identify the directions and range of promotional activity undertaken by communes taking into account their type and financial resources devoted to fulfilling tasks within this area and to define their competitive position. Material and methods. The research was conducted in compliance with the principles of indirect measurement method and data were collected with the use of a questionnaire. Additionally, statistical methods and the author's own method of “assessing promotional position” of local government units were used. The analysis included results obtained from 50 communes from eastern Poland (27 rural, 10 urban and 13 urban-rural communes). Results and conclusions. The research made it possible to identify the competitive position of a commune concerning its promotional activity aimed at inhabitants and tourists, taking into account its territorial range. Additionally, differences in using particular promotional tools were revealed and differences concerning the territorial range and segments which the activities undertaken by the communes are aimed at were noted. The calculations showed the correlation between money spent on promotion by the examined units and their general revenue.</abstract>

The Place of Tourism in Promotional Policy of Communes from Eastern Poland

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Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism

The Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism (ISSN: 1899-1998, e-ISSN: 2082-8799) publishes manuscripts in Polish and English encompassing external various fields of medical and health sciences, physical culture and natural sciences linked with sport, physical education, sports medicine as well as tourism and physical recreation.  The journal publishes the following types of papers:    original research papers (maximum 12 standard pages of typescript, including tables, figures, references and abstract),  review papers commissioned by the Editor (maximum 20 standard pages of typescript, including documentation),  short communications (maximum 3 standard pages of typescript plus one table or figure and up to 5 references),  letters to the Editor expressing an opinion on previously published manuscripts or a comment connected with the journal’s issues (maximum 2 standard pages of typescript),  news (information on conferences, abstracts of Ph.D. thesis and Post-Doc. thesis, book reviews, biographical notes),  advertisements that may be printed on separate pages of the periodical (prices are subject to individual negotiations).   Why subscribe and read   High standard of contents;  Good publishing quality available in both forms, electronic and printed;  The journal presents the views of all scientific disciplines dealing with physical education, recreation, tourism, health and fitness, and sport science;   Why submit   Indexed in abstracting databases and evaluated by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education;  Fair and constructive peer review by experts in the field;  The journal is developing very rapidly;   The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges;   Rejection Rate   80%   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.  