<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Pallets are a tertiary form of packaging used for stacking, storing, protecting, or transporting goods in supply chains. They are utilized as a base for the unitization of goods for logistics and warehousing. Moreover, pallets can be manufactured using wood, plastic, metal, and corrugated paper, which can be used as material-handling equipment. With several products being transported worldwide and with year-on-year growth, it would be beneficial to make lightweight pallets. Such pallets are recyclable, easy to clean, cheap, and durable to maintain and store. Though most of the pallets are widely available for basic purposes, applications involving high-end bio-packings and transportation of special chemicals require specialized pallets to be manufactured like polymers to ensure a negligible chemical reaction, light in weight, and attenuation in freight capacity, thereby widespread reduction in wastage. With advancements, job to job and immediate requirements, additive manufacturing has the potential to close the gap for jobs with short lead times. If the design process of new pallets has limits the creation of specific codes, the transitions will be smoother in rapid prototyping. This work describes the development of polymer pallets by taking advantage of stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) technology for 3D printing pallets in correlation to injection moulding. After the pallets are designed and manufactured, AM technologies can be applied to specified standards, and the pallets then undergo tensile strength, elongation, and hardness tests. The analysis was carried out for configurable geometries adapting to fork lifting, conveyor, racking, and stacking conditions. Analytical and numerical solutions were carried out to understand the stress and deflections for each geometry and its wide range of applications for pallets.
</abstract>

Experimental investigation of stereolithography and digital light processing additive manufactured pallets

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The purpose of this work was to carry out comparative studies of WC-Co-Cr coatings deposited using the high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) method onto two types of substrate material: structural steel S235 and magnesium alloy AZ31. The influence of the substrate material type on the microstructure, phase composition, crystallite size, porosity, Vickers microhardness, instrumental hardness (HIT), Young’s modulus (EIT), and fracture toughness was investigated. For both substrates, the deposited coatings deposited were characterized with fine-grained and compact microstructure. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed presence of following phases: WC, W2C, Co0.9W0.1, and Co3W9C4. The WC phase was the most desirable and stable one with crystallites were below 100 nm. On the other hand, the size of the W2C crystallites was below 30 nm. The coatings obtained showed porosity values equal to 2.3 ± 0.4 vol% and 2.8 ± 0.7 vol% for AZ31 and S235, respectively. The average Vickers microhardness for both types of sample was appproximately 1200 HV0.3. The average HIT values for carbide particles and metallic matrix were around 29 GPa and 6.5 GPa, respectively. In the case of EIT, it was around 620 GPa and 190 GPa for WC and Co-Cr, respectively. The differences between coatings were negligible. The EIT value for both coatings was equal to 344 ± 11 GPa. The fracture toughness was around 4.5 MPa · m1/2 in both cases. The investigations revealed that it is possible to replace steel substrate material with a much lighter equivalent, in this case AZ31 alloy, without deterioration of the coating properties.
</abstract>

Comparative analysis of microstructure and selected properties of WC-Co-Cr coatings sprayed by high-velocity oxy fuel on S235 and AZ31 substrates

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

In this present study, the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method was used to fabricate the composites. Before three-dimensional (3D) printing, samples were designed according to the ASTM D256, D790 and D3039 standards for impact, flexural and tensile tests, respectively, using Onshape software before conversion to an STL file format. Afterward, the digital file was sliced with infill densities of 60%, 80%, and 100%. The composite samples contained chopped carbon fiber (cCF) and poly lactic acid (PLA), as reinforcement and matrix, respectively. The cCF/PLA (simply called cCFP) filaments were printed into various cCFP composite (cCFPC) samples, using a Viper Share bot 3D machine with different infill densities before the aforementioned mechanical testing. The tensile strength of cCFP were obtained as 25.9MPa, 26.9MPa and 34.75MPa for 60%, 80% and 100% infill density cCFP samples, respectively. Similarly, the flexural strength of cCFP were obtained as 11.8MPa, 12.55MPa and 18.4MPa and impact strength was 47.48kJ/m2, 48.45kJ/m2 and 48.96kJ/m2 for 60%, 80% and 100% infill density cCFP samples, respectively. The fractured/tested samples were examined and analyzed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the presence of fiber and void in the tensile sample. Based on the experimental results, it was evident that a high infill density of 100% with the highest reinforcement exhibited maximum impact strength, tensile and flexural strengths and moduli when compared with other lower carbon content of cCFPC samples. Therefore, the optimal 3D-printed cCFPC sample could be used for engineering application to benefit from properties of the polymer matrix composite materials and possibilities through additive manufacturing (AM).
</abstract>

Effects of infill density on mechanical properties of additively manufactured chopped carbon fiber reinforced PLA composites

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The effect of laser etching on the surface properties of composite polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) based membranes as mixed matrix membranes was studied. The PECs were prepared by the stoichiometric mixing of cationic PDDA (poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride)) and anionic PSS (poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate)) as polyelectrolytes with various contents of ZIF-8 as filler. Composite membranes usually display improved bulk properties depending on the nature of the filler, but the surface properties are often dictated by the matrix covering the surface. The PEC composite membranes were then subjected to laser etching, resulting in the enhanced exposure of embedded ZIF-8 particles within the PEC structure in an attempt to improve the surface properties of the composite membrane. The crystal structure, morphology, and distribution of zinc at the PECs surface, before and after laser etching, were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. In order to evaluate the improvement of the surface properties of the laser-etched membranes, a model experiment involving a catalytic reaction was chosen. The pristine and laser treated surfaces were tested for their catalytic activity for the transesterification of triglycerides present in soybean oil with methanol at a temperature of 150°C. Interestingly, the laser-etched PECs displayed substantially enhanced activity compared to the original composite PEC membranes as a result of surface erosion. These results could be interesting for the future development of composite membranes with improved surface properties where the filler needs to expose the surface of the membranes.
</abstract>

Enhanced catalytic activity of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) polyelectrolyte complex composites membranes by laser etching

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Materials Science-Poland

 Material Sciences-Poland online ISSN: 2083-134X (est. in 1974 as Materials Science, ISSN 0137-1339) is an interdisciplinary journal devoted to experimental research into results on the relationships between structure, processing, properties, technology, and uses of materials. Original research articles and review can be only submitted The review process for submitted papers is a blind peer review.  The total publication fee is 500 EUR.The payment should be done after acceptance and before publishing the manuscript to the following bank account in POLAND:PL60 1090 2402 0000 0001 4890 0917 SWIFT (BIC): WBKPPLPPXXX.Title: Materials Science-Poland, No. of manuscript. Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.  BACK ISSUES: Back issues papers from vol. 20 / 2002 are available at: www.materialsscience.pwr.wroc.pl/index.php?id=5 