<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The main aim of this article was the specification of problems connected with analysis of impact of human propensities on economic occurrences and also a proposition of econometric tools enabling the identification of this impact. According to the meaning of propensities in economics the current state of knowledge is mostly an effect of considerations presented by J.M. Keynes in his famous book "<italic>The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money</italic>" where J.M. Keynes proposed such economic categories as the average and marginal propensities. One of the goals of the presented deliberations was to specify problems related with economic theory of propensities. Such propensities as a propensity to consume, to save, to invest and thesaurisation were particularly carefully analysed. The impact of these propensities on basic macroeconomic variables was considered with respect to the classical model, the neoclassical Solow-Swan model and the <italic>IS-LM</italic> scheme. In case of spatial data the effects of the impact of propensities could be analysed by means of models with dummy variables showing presence of given propensities. A procedure enabling the construction of such variables was proposed. In case of time series, conceptions delivered by the integration and cointegration theory could be applied. Especially such models as VAR and VECM could be useful. Models for panel data enable direct (models with fixed effects) or indirect (models with random effects) consideration of the impact of propensities on the analysed processes.</abstract>

Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Propensities on Economic Occurrences: A Macroeconomic Perspective

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">It is a self-evident truth that nowadays a growing number of economic phenomena is described by means of physics methods. The most frequent theories derived from physics and applied to economy are: (1) the universal gravitation law and (2) the first as well as the second law of thermodynamics. The methods of static physics are applicable also to the theory of financial markets. In this case it is assumed that the financial market is composed of single participants interacting as a system of particles. Such approach is associated with a model of financial market otherwise known as a minority game. It is postulated that the process of securities and money allocation is performed on the basis of prices fluctuation, where - if a vast majority of investors tend to purchase goods or services - the sale constitutes a more profitable option, and vice versa. The players who end up on minority side win. At the end of the XX century the economy commenced to apply the laws of quantum mechanics. These laws proved to be useful, in particular when attempting to generalize game theory, which resulted in quantum games. The aim of the paper is to compare the rules and auction mechanisms with selected laws of quantum mechanics. This paper aims also to introduce the basic concepts of quantum mechanics to the process of economic phenomena modeling. Quantum mechanics is a theory describing a behaviour of microscopic objects and is grounded on the principle of wave-particle duality. It is assumed that quantum-scale objects at the same time exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. The key role in quantum mechanics is played by: (1) the Schrödinger equation describing the probability amplitude for the particle to be found at a given position and at a given time, as well as (2) the Heisenberg uncertainty principle stating that a certain pair of physical properties may not be simultaneously measured to arbitrarily high precision.</abstract>

On Certain Analogies Between the Laws of Quantum Mechanics and Rules of an English Auction

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The disabled people in Poland are that part of labour force that has not been appreciated enough. Despite the fact that in the recent years the number of the disabled Poles who found employment has risen, their employment rate is still rather low. The majority of them (83% in 2010) are absent on the job market. The aim of the paper is to investigate how gender, place of residence, education, age and disability severeness affect the economic inactivity of the disabled and what impact their gender, place of residence and disability severity had on the likelihood of the reason for the inactivity. The author used the Polish Central Statistical Office data concerning the 4th quarter of 2010. The data were analysed by means of the logistic regression model for the dependent dichotomous variable as well as the multinomial logistic regression model. The estimated parameters helped to determine the inactivity risk quotient in relation to economic activity. They also permitted to calculate the probability of the disabled people's economic inactivity due to a particular reason.</abstract>

Economic Activity of the Disabled in Poland in 2010

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Population health status has improved in the EU in the recent years, but health inequalities continue to be considerable, both within individual Member States and among them. Reducing human potential, the inequalities seriously burden the Member States and their health care systems. Policies aimed at removing the inequalities could help increase productivity, constrained by diseases and premature mortality. The article presents the results of an empirical investigation into the magnitude of the socio-economic health inequality in Poland. The inequality was measured with the health concentration index indicating the inequality of health status distribution caused by economic status. A valuable property of the health concentration index is that it can be decomposed, thus allowing the identification of the sources of the inequality. The investigation took account of the fact that gender causes variations in the values of health indicators.</abstract>

Socio-Economic Inequalities in Health - Measurement Problems and the Results of Analyses for Poland

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">This paper deals with a two-dimensional discrete time competition model. The corresponding twodimensional iterative map is represented in terms of its bifurcation diagram in the parameter plane. A number of bifurcation sequences for attractors and their basins are studied.</abstract>

Bifurcation, Chaos and Attractor in the Logistic Competition

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">In this paper a classic rate of return was examined. Due to a limited quantitative range, the study included only the modeling of the rate of return distribution of the WIG20 index and its companies by means of the Laplace distribution and the Gaussian distribution. Additionally, the goodness of fit tests and methods of estimating the aforementioned distributions parameters were thoroughly covered. When applying the Laplace distribution to modeling the rate of return distribution the parameters were determined by means of two methods: the method of moments and the maximum likelihood method. The maximum period was determined, for which usefulness of the distribution in modeling the rates of return distribution was observed, as well as the results of the chi-square test for class intervals with varying length ensuring equal probability, and for intervals with identical length considering two methods of determining the theoretical size: in accordance with the cumulative distribution function as well as on the basis of the probability density function.</abstract>

Goodness of Fit Tests in Modeling the Distribution of the Daily Rate of Return of the WIG20 Companies

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The purpose of the article is the analysis of transitory pensioners touristics departures. The research was carried out basing on a representative research result of individual transitory domestic departures in 2009 where pensioners participated in. As investigative instrument the autor chose the multidimensional correspondence analysis. The results of research were presented in a tridimensional area. The Ward's method was used in research due to bif number of variants of analyzed variables. This method permitted the assignment of coherence between variable variants.</abstract>

Tourist Activity of Pensioners in Poland in 2009: A Statistical Analysis

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Performance measurement of investment managers is a topic of interest to practitioners and academics alike. The traditional performance evaluation literature has attempted to distinguish stock-picking ability (selectivity) from the ability to predict overall market returns (market-timing). However, the literature finds that it is not easy to separate ability into two such dichotomous categories. To overcome these problems multifactor alternative market-timing models have been proposed. The author's recent research provides evidence of strong ARCH effects in the market-timing models of Polish equity open-end mutual funds. For this reason, the main goal of this paper is to present the regression results of the new GARCH(p, q) versions of market-timing models of these funds. We estimate multifactor extensions of classical market-timing models with Fama &amp; French's spread variables SMB and HML, and Carhart's momentum factor WML. We also include lagged values of the market factor as an additional independent variable in the regressions of the models because of the pronounced "Fisher effect" in the case of the main Warsaw Stock Exchange indexes. The market-timing and selectivity abilities of fund managers are evaluated for the period January 2003-December 2010. Our findings suggest that the GARCH(p, q) model is suitable for such applications.</abstract>

Arch Effects in Multifactor Market-Timing Models of Polish Mutual Funds

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The attempts to measure economic phenomena and processes of qualitative nature have become commonplace among scholars engaged in empirical research. The use of measurement in the nominal and ordinal scales, however, requires a thorough knowledge of the meaning of numbers generated in the course of such operations. It is also necessary to have knowledge of acceptable statistical and econometric tools to be used in such research. Unfortunately, researchers often apply methods that are not acceptable for the numbers in the weak scales. As a result they "soup up" the outcome of their empirical research, instead of achieving a substantive truth. This article is devoted to the possibilities of statistical analysis of numbers resulting from the weak scale measurement.</abstract>

Dilemmas of Economic Measurements in Weak Scales

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">In this paper a simplified method of estimating GED distribution parameters has been proposed. The method uses first, second and 0.5-th order absolute moments. Unlike in maximum likelihood method, which involves solving a set of equations including special mathematical functions, the solution is given in the form of a simple relation. Application of three different approximations of Euler's gamma function value results in three different sets of results for which the χ2 test is conducted. As a final solution (estimation of distribution parameters) the set is chosen which yields the smallest value of the χ2 test statistic. The method proposed in this paper yields the χ2 test statistic value which does not exceed the value of statistic for a distribution with parameters obtained with the maximum likelihood method.</abstract>

Simplified Method of GED Distribution Parameters Estimation

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The paper attempts to use the econometric model in the evaluation of trends in the economy of the Śląskie Voivodeship. The analysis is mainly based on the final equation of the model. The characteristic roots indicate that the economy of Upper Silesia does not have a cyclical nature (the lack of complex roots) and the private enterprise sector is characterised with higher efficiency than the public enterprise sector, since the curve for endogenous variable <italic>yt</italic> is converging with the asymptote <italic>y</italic> = 0 more quickly in the case of public enterprises than in the case of private enterprise sector.</abstract>

An Attempt to Evaluate the Economy of Upper Silesia by Ownership Sectors Based on the Econometric Model and the Final Equation

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The operation of health care in poviats allows to determine the role of the health care system in the region. The subjects of the analysis are poviats of Łódź and West Pomeranian voivodships characterised by different economic development levels. The analysis uses such tools as agglomerative methods of clustering and econometric models estimated on the basis of panel data. Similar groups of poviats were selected based on their health care system operation levels and econometric analysis was performed concerning factors significantly affecting accessibility of health care in the poviats.</abstract>

The Assessment of Health Care System Operation Efficiency Based on the Example of Poviats of Łódź and West Pomeranian Voivodships

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The paper presents a comparison of the costs of Polish households by their main source of income. In order to compare these costs the author estimated three kinds of equivalence scales using the Engel method, ELES (<italic>Extended Linear Expenditure System</italic>), the demand equation and the Bernoulli well-being function. Estimation for household groups determined on account of the main source of income produced by the scales confirmed differences in households' maintenance costs compared to the costs of the reference household. A comparison of the values of equivalence scales revealed a similarity of the results produced by the ELES and the Bernoulli methods which differed from the results obtained by means of the Engel method.</abstract>

Equivalence Scale in Terms of Polish Households' Source of Income

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