<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> Analysis of changes in the structure of consumption as a component of GDP in Poland for the period 2011-2020, comparative assessment of GDP and consumption per capita in Poland in comparison with EU countries-27 in 2011-2020.
<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> For the empirical analysis EUROSTAT and CSO statistical data covering the values of the basic components of GDP and consumption/consumption levels per capita were used. Methods of dynamics and comparative analysis were applied in relation to consumption levels. The statistical structural analysis made it possible to measure the intensity and degree of differentiation of the components of GDP in Poland in dynamic terms. The index of inferential structural changes and the divergence coefficient of Clark structures were used.
<bold>Results:</bold> Based on the collected empirical material, the level of consumption in Poland was assessed in comparison with all EU-27 member states for the period 2010-2020. Using a quantitative approach, the degree of diversification of the structure of basic components, including consumption in GDP in dynamic terms, was also compared.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> The level of consumption in Poland in the last decade has been systematically increasing, in terms of growth rate it reached a value above the EU average. The research confirmed the occurrence of significant differences in consumption per capita in the EU-27 countries, both in the compared years and in static terms. These differences were particularly visible between the highly developed countries of Western Europe and Southern Europe. The values of measures of similarity of structures for the components of GDP indicate that in 2015-2020 there was a significant similarity of structures in the relations consumption/accumulation/foreign trade balance, while the differentiation of these structures differed more significantly at the beginning and end of the 2011-2020 decade.
</abstract>

Changes in the Share of Consumption in GDP in Poland Between 2011 and 2020

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> The main purpose of the article is to assess the functioning of the domestic market for consumer products and to characterise its development. Trends in the development of the domestic consumer goods market are analysed in the following areas: consumption of main product groups; food supply through consumption funds; agricultural production in the context of crop and livestock production; the ratio of exports to imports of agricultural and food products; and economic accessibility of the population to foodstuffs. The paper also analyses the problems of developing trade infrastructure facilities.
<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> The methods of scientific abstraction, systemic, structural and functional, synergetic approaches was statistical and comparative analysis to assess the state of development of the domestic market for consumer goods and the determinants of regulation of the internal consumer market were implemented. The open resources of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine were the main sources of data.
<bold>Results:</bold> It has been proved that trade infrastructure currently plays an important role at the present stage of development of the internal market for consumer goods in Ukraine. Certain trends are primarily due to the reduction in the total number of markets as a result of prohibition of informal markets, where food products were mainly traded, as well as the active development of supermarket chains, which today occupies an important place in the trade infrastructure.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> The analysis revealed insufficient levels of actual and projected consumption of most basic types of food, compared to the recommended norms.
</abstract>

Scientific-Educational Institute of Entrepreneurship and Perspective Technologies of Lviv Polytechnic National University

Development Features of the Domestic Consumer Goods Market in Ukraine

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<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> The article concerns own contribution of local government units involved in the Regional Operational Programmes. The aim of the research is to assess the amount of own funds in the projects implemented under the ROP.
<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> The article analyses the secondary data obtained from the Local Data Bank, the data from the programme documents and available literature.
<bold>Results:</bold> As the study has shown, no significant differences were found in the disbursement of funds in different years. However, in the perspective 2014-2020, the amount of local governance units contribution is higher.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> The regional distribution of the local government units resources in the particular regional programmes is strongly related to the total amount of the entire programme, but there is a noticeable variation between the perspectives. Still, local governance units own resources outweigh the national contribution.
</abstract>

Funds of Local Government Units in Regional Operational Programmes 2007-2013 and 2014-2020

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> This study investigates the effectiveness of equity investment in renewable energy companies. The aim of the research is to compare the effectiveness of investing in the stocks of companies from the conventional and renewable energy sector on the Warsaw Stock Exchange.
<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> The research material consisted of the stock prices of selected energy companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange’s Main Market and NewConnect. Representative investment portfolios were created and their average monthly logarithmic rates of return, standard deviations and Sharpe ratios for the period 2013–2020 were examined.
<bold>Results:</bold> The portfolios of renewable energy companies were characterised by higher risk, but also higher average returns; as a result, they achieved higher risk-adjusted efficiency ratios than the portfolios of conventional energy companies.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> Shares in renewable energy companies, despite a significant risk, can be an attractive form of investment, which is crucial for privately financing the energy transformation in Poland.
</abstract>

Effectiveness of Investing in the Stocks of Renewable Energy Companies in Poland

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> The study aims to highlight the perception of farmers regarding the causes and consequences of their indebtedness.
<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> The study was based on primary data collected (by field survey) from a sample of 600 farmers. With regards to the selection of farmers or respondents, the proportionate sampling technique was employed. Percentage technique was used for data analysis. The data were collected in the first quarter of 2021.
<bold>Results:</bold> It was found that 95.67% of the farmers (out of 600) reported low prices for agricultural output as being the main cause of their indebtedness, followed by crop failure (89.00%), the high cost of inputs (85.00%), high interest rates (61.17%) and small landholdings (58.83%). In addition, consequences reported by loanee farmers were deterioration in their social status (67.83%) and psychological stress (57.67%). However, positive changes experienced by farmers after repaying a loan were less than the negative experiences.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> The main causes of farmers’ indebtedness were crop failure and the high cost of inputs compared to the price of their produce. Due to their indebtedness, their economic and social status deteriorated and they experienced the feeling of insecurity.
</abstract>

Farmers’ Perception of Causes and Consequences of their Indebtedness in Haryana, India

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> The study focuses on the social and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic globally and regionally, particularly in Poland.
<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> Based on the literature, the historic origins of various pandemics have been presented as evidence for their cyclicity.
<bold>Results:</bold> An analysis of current COVID-19 reports serves to verify the hypothesis that the economic outcomes are secondary to the social outcomes, which generally distinguishes the current crisis from other known economic and financial crises of the market origin. The recovery from the economic crisis leads to the strengthening of the private sector, but the public sector, especially health care and education, is of particular significance in the pandemic crisis.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> The need to develop instruments of fighting the crisis has been indicated, with special emphasis on logistics. The pandemic may solidify many years of cultural, social and economic changes, so far rather modestly foreshadowed by various signs.
</abstract>

Crisis Aspects of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Social Sphere and Secondarily in Economic One

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> The purpose of this study is to assess the economic partnership between China and Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). It evaluates the economic policy since the cooperation in the region began, as the 17+1 process. The study evaluates the success and failure of China’s economic engagement in the 17 CEE countries and the Balkan region. This article explores how the relationship was made stronger in CEE countries for economic development. It looks at diplomatic ties, trade knot and economic initiatives, and it examines China’s relations with other CEE countries. The article aims to examine the geographical distribution of China’s economic influence on the CEE countries.
<bold>Materials and methods</bold>: Content analysis is widely used as a comparative technique by the press, media, think tanks and communication. There are official statistics from a wide range of institutions (The China Observers in Central and Eastern Europe (CHOICE), the IMF, the OECD, the European Commission, the European Union, Statistics CEE countries and the European External Action Service).
<bold>Results</bold>: The latest result indicates that Chinese economic policy is not achieving more success than the expected objectives in CEE countries.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> China’s economic impact on CEE countries is relatively small. Central and Eastern European countries are highly dependent on trade and investment relations with developed states, mainly EU members, while China accounts for a minor share.
</abstract>

The Evolution of China’s Economic Engagement in Central and Eastern Europe

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<bold>Subject and purpose of work:</bold> This study assessed child poverty in rural border communities of Nigeria.
<bold>Materials and methods:</bold> Primary data were used: children (5–16 years old) were respondents of the questionnaire.
<bold>Results:</bold> The study participants were 58% male and 42% female. Also, many of the children were in the age bracket of 11–15 years and more than half (53.9%) of them had no formal education and were engaged in farming. Most of the children (72.4%) earned between NGN 3,000 and NGN 10,000 as their monthly income. The results further revealed that in the three local government areas, the girls had experienced severe poverty more than the boys. The study also found that the children were severely deprived of safe drinking water, health care facilities, education and a sanitary environment – especially because there were no toilet facilities in these areas.
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> The study reveals the need for clean portable water, basic health care and well-equipped primary and secondary schools to be provided.
</abstract>

Assessment of Child Poverty in Rural Border Communities of South-Western and Central Nigeria

Review of the Monograph By Sławomir Kalinowski, Łukasz Komorowski, Anna Rosa Titled “Koncepcja <italic>Smart Villages</italic>. Przykłady Z Polski”, Irwir Pan, Warszawa 2021, P. 154

AHEAD OF PRINT

Volume 17 (2024): Issue 1 (March 2024)

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Volume 15 (2022): Issue 4 (December 2022)

Volume 15 (2022): Issue 3 (September 2022)

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Volume 14 (2021): Issue 4 (December 2021)

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Volume 13 (2020): Issue 4 (December 2020)

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Volume 12 (2019): Issue 4 (December 2019)

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Volume 12 (2019): Issue 1 (March 2019)

Volume 11 (2018): Issue 4 (December 2018)

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Volume 11 (2018): Issue 1 (March 2018)

Volume 10 (2017): Issue 4 (December 2017)

Volume 10 (2017): Issue 3 (September 2017)

Volume 10 (2017): Issue 2 (June 2017)

Volume 10 (2017): Issue 1 (March 2017)

Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne

Print ISSN: 2083-3725, Online ISSN: 2451-182X Dear Authors and Readers,  Welcome to the website of the international, open access, bilingual scientific journal "Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne", published by John Paul II University of Applied Sciences in Biala Podlaska (Poland).  Editor-in-ChiefMieczysław Adamowicz  Accessible also on platform: www.ers.edu.pl/en and in print.  FROM THE EDITOR / OD REDAKCJI  Dear Authors and Readers  "Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne" is an international open access journal published in two languages: English and Polish since 2011. First two years it was published bi-annually, since 2013 as the quarterly. The journal is available in electronic and printed versions. We consider electronic English language version as a basic one, while the Polish language version provided greater access to the magazines content for national reader in Poland. Since the beginning the journal is available on the web platform www.ers.edu.pl/en of the publisher: John Paul II University of Applied Sciences in Biala Podlaska (Poland, Europe). Paper submission and peer review process are implemented through editorial system: www.editorialsystem.com/editor/ersen.  We accept original papers which have not been published elsewhere and have a clear scientific, cognitive and scholary value. Paper submited for publication undergo preliminary editorial review and are subject to blind review by two or more external experts. The periodical is available in English and Polish online and in print version.  The magazine has an open character and implements international publishing ethical and standards. The electronic version allows free access to all current and archived issues and articles. Actually, publishing articles in the journal is free from any payments.  Index Copernicus Journal Master List, ICV 2012: 5.62; ICV 2013: 6.48; ICV 2014: 70.81 (6.96); ICV 2015: 81,26; ICV 2016: 92.91; ICV 2017: 100,00; ICV 2018: 100,00  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, 2011-2012: 2 points; 2013-2014: 4 points; 2015-2018: 9 points  Focus and Scope  "Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne" is an international journal of multi and interdisciplinary research and policy analysis in broad regions at the world. The main mission of the magazine is to broaden theoretical knowledge, contribute to the policy debates and disseminate results of empirical research across a wide range of economic and social sciences, mainly as following:    Business, Economics and Finance,  Socio-economic Geography and Spatial Management,  Community, Rural/ Urban and Regional Development.   Journal provides information on general and sectoral economic problems, practices and policies, on contemporary and historical development in these disciplines from local, regional, national, European and global perspectives.  Journal is open for publishing original research results as well as for overview and review articles, reports an surveys, policy debates, announcements of research and conference results, case studies and other scientific publications.  Texts in Polish which are correctly translated into English are published free of charge. In case of sending a text in only one language version,either in Polish or in English,the authors will bear the costs of translating the article into the other missing language. The authors may be also asked to cover the costs of verification of the submitted texts in English. The translations are conducted by a Translation Office which currently cooperates with the Editors and the current cost per 1 translation page (that is, 1800 characters including spaces) amounts to 30 PLN gross.  An article is passed on for translation after obtaining a positive review of the submitted language version, after corrections if necessary and upon its approval for print by the Editor in Chief.  Digitalization of Economic and Regional Studies/ Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne – task financed from the resources of the Polish Minister of Science and Education for disseminating science under Agreement No. 819/P-DUN/2018  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 