<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold>Objectives.</bold> Elevated total serum free fatty acids (FFAs) concentrations have been suggested, controversially, to enhance insulin resistance and decrease percent remaining β-cell function. However, concentrations of individual serum FFAs have never been published in terms of their relationship (correlation) to homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and percent remaining β-cell function (HOMA-%β) in the type 2 diabetics (T2Ds). Alpha-linolenic acid consumption has a negative correlation with the insulin resistance, which in turn is negatively correlated with the remaining β-cell function. The primary objective was to test the hypothesis that there would be different relationship (correlation) between the blood serum individual free FFA mol % levels and HOMA-IR and/or HOMA-%β in T2D. The secondary objective was to test the hypothesis that flaxseed oil, previously being shown to be ineffective in the glycemic control in T2Ds, may alter these correlations in a statistically significant manner as well as HOMA-IR and/or HOMA-%β.<bold>Methods.</bold> Patients were recruited via a newspaper advertisement and two physicians have been employed. All the patients came to visit one and three months later for a second visit. At the second visit, the subjects were randomly assigned (double blind) to flaxseed or safflower oil treatment for three months, until the third visit.<bold>Results.</bold> Different statistically significant correlations or trends towards among some serum individual free FFA mol % levels and HOMA-IR and HOMA-%β, pre- and post-flaxseed and safflower oil supplementation were found. However, flaxseed oil had no impact on HOMA-IR or HOMA-%β despite statistically significant alterations in correlations compared to baseline HOMA-IR.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> The obtained data indicate that high doses of flaxseed oil have no statistically significant effect on HOMA-IR or HOMA-%β in T2Ds, probably due to the additive effects of negative and positive correlations.</abstract>

Department of Health Sciences and Emergency Management, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia,

Department of Biology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia,

School of Nursing, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia,

Dr Soliman Faqeeh Hospital/King Abdulla University of Science and Technology, Jeddah,

Flaxseed oil supplementation manipulates correlations between serum individual mol % free fatty acid levels and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics. Insulin resistance and percent remaining pancreatic β-cell function are unaffected

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold>Objectives.</bold> Kidney stone disease is a common form of renal disease. Antioxidants, such as vitamin E (Vit E) and boron, are substances that reduce the damage caused by oxidation.<bold>Methods.</bold> Adult male rats were divided into 5 groups (n=6). In group 1, rats received standard food and water for 28 days (control group); in group 2, standard rodent food and water with 0.75% ethylene glycol/d (dissolved in drinking water) (EG Group); in group 3, similar to group 2, with 3 mg of boron/d (dissolved in water) (EG+B Group); in group 4, similar to group 2, with 200 IU of vitamin E injected intraperitoneally on the first day and the 14th day, (EG+Vit E Group); in group 5, mix of groups 3 and 4, respectively (EG+B+Vit E Group).<bold>Results.</bold> Kidney sections showed that crystals in the EG group increased significantly in comparison with the control group. Crystal calcium deposition score in groups of EG+B (160), EG+Vit E, and EG+B+Vit E showed a significant decrease compared to EG group. Measurement of the renal tubules area and renal tubular epithelial histological score showed the highest significant dilation in the EG group. Tubular dilation in the EG+B+Vit E group decreased compared to the EG+B and EG+Vit E groups.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Efficient effect of boron and Vit E supplements, separately and in combination, has a complimentary effect in protection against the formation of kidney stones, probably by decreasing oxidative stress.</abstract>

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic

Department of Nutrition, Health School, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic

Colorectal research center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic

Protective effects of boron and vitamin E on ethylene glycol-induced renal crystal calcium deposition in rat

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold>Objectives.</bold> Previously we have shown that 20 days after the tumor cells injection smaller melanomas have been developed in chemically sympathectomized mice in comparison with animals having intact sympathetic nervous system. However, it is known that chemical sympathectomy reduces the sympathetic neurotransmission only temporarily. In the present study, we monitored the survival of the sympathectomized mice with melanoma with an attempt to find out how long the suppressing effect of sympathectomy on the melanoma growth may endure.<bold>Methods.</bold> The chemical sympathectomy was performed by intraperitoneal injection of neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine in male C57BL/6J mice. Seven days later, the animals were injected subcutaneously with B16-F10 melanoma cells. Then, melanoma development, survival of the tumor-bearing mice and weight of the developed tumor mass were analyzed.<bold>Results.</bold> Sympathectomy delayed the development of the palpable tumors (18th day vs.14th day) and significantly prolonged the survival of the tumor-bearing mice (median 34 days vs. 29 days). However, the weight of the developed melanoma was significantly increased in the sympathectomized mice in comparison with the animals having intact sympathetic nervous system.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> The data of the present study showed that effect of the chemical sympathectomy, performed before the tumor growth induction, persisted even at the time when sympathetic nerves started to regenerate that resulted in a prolonged survival of the mice with melanoma. However, comparing to our previous study, in which we have shown a reduced tumor mass in earlier stages of the tumor growth, specifically 20 days after melanoma cells injection, now we indicate that in later stages of the melanoma progression, the tumor mass was significantly increased in sympathectomized animals. These contra-intuitive findings may indicate that interventions affecting the sympathetic nervous system may exert complex effect on the tumor progression. Based on these data we may suggest that the potential therapeutic interventions affecting the sympathetic signaling in the tumor tissue and its microenvironment should attenuate the sympathetic neurotransmission not only temporarily but till the complete regression of the tumor tissue.</abstract>

Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava,

Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava,

Sympathectomized tumor-bearing mice survive longer but develop bigger melanomas

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold>Objectives.</bold> A number of recently published studies have shown that the sympathetic nervous system may influence cancer progression. There are, however, some ambiguities about the role of the parasympathetic nerves in the modulation of growth of different tumor types. Moreover, tumor models used for investigation of the autonomic neurotransmission role in the processes related to the cancer growth and progression are mainly of the solid nature. The knowledge about the nervous system involvement in the modulation of the development and progression of malignant ascites is only fragmental. Therefore, the aim of the present article was to summarize the results of our experimental studies focused on the elucidation of the role of the autonomic nervous system in the modulation of tumor growth in animals. We are summarizing data from studies, in which not only different experimental approaches in order to influence the autonomic neurotransmission, but also different tumor models have been used.<bold>Methods.</bold> Three different types of tumor models, namely solid rat intra-abdominal fibrosarcoma, solid murine subcutaneous melanoma, and rat ascites hepatoma, and three types of interventions have been used in order to modulate the autonomic neurotransmission, specifically chemical sympathectomy, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, or the electric stimulation of the vagus nerve.<bold>Results.</bold> We have proved a strong stimulatory effect of the sympathetic nerves on the development and growth in both solid tumors, rat fibrosarcoma as well as murine melanoma, and significant inhibitory impact on the survival time of tumor-bearing animals. The progression of ascites hepatoma in rats was not influenced by chemical sympathectomy. Modulation of parasympathetic signalization by vagotomy or vagal nerve stimulation does not affect fibrosarcoma and ascites hepatoma growth and survival of the tumor-bearing rats.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Based on the obtained data, it seems that the solid types of tumors are suitable substrate for the direct action of neurotransmitters released especially from the sympathetic nerves. In contrast, it appears that the malignant ascites are not under the direct autonomic nerves control; however, an indirect action via the immune functions modulation cannot be excluded.</abstract>

Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences,

Effect of the autonomic nervous system on cancer progression depends on the type of tumor: solid are more affected then ascitic tumors

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">A 46 year-old female patient presented to the hospital with ongoing and progressively increasing fatigue, severe nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, constipation, palpitations and somnolence. Laboratory evaluation revealed a severe hypercalcaemia and overt hyperthyroidism. She was diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism accompanied by Graves’ disease. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy and right inferior parathyroid gland adenoma excision on the 24th day of her admission to the hospital after calcium levels and free thyroid hormone levels were brought to normal ranges. We suggest that a possibility of simultaneous thyrotoxicosis and primary hyperparathyroidism in cases presenting with a hypercalcaemic crisis should be considered</abstract>

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya,

Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya,

Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya,

Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya,

A case of hypercalcaemic crisis secondary to coexistence of primary hyperparathyroidism and Graves’ disease

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Adipose tissue expresses all the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components that play an important role in the adipogenesis, lipid and glucose metabolism regulation in an auto/paracrine manner. The classical RAS has been found to be over-activated during the adipose tissue enlargement, thus elevated generation of angiotensin II (Ang II) may contribute to the obesity pathogenesis. The contemporary view on the RAS has become more complex with the discovery of alternative pathways, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7)/Mas receptor, (pro)renin receptor, as well as angiotensin IV(Ang IV)/AT4 receptor. Ang-(1-7) <italic>via</italic> Mas receptor counteracts with most of the deleterious effects of the Ang II-mediated by AT1 receptor implying its beneficial role in the glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Pro(renin) receptor may play a role (at least partial) in the pathogenesis of the obesity by increasing the local production of Ang II in adipose tissue as well as triggering signal transduction independently of Ang II. In this review, modulation of alternative RAS pathways in adipose tissue during obesity is discussed and the involvement of Ang-(1-7), (pro)renin and AT4 receptors in the regulation of adipose tissue homeostasis and insulin resistance is summarized.</abstract>

Alternative renin-angiotensin system pathways in adipose tissue and their role in the pathogenesis of obesity

AHEAD OF PRINT

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Volume 56 (2022): Issue 4 (October 2022)

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