Nutritional practices |
Toddlers with excess weight [%] consuming various types of foods everyday or at least 2-4 times a week |
P value |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All children |
Cluster 1 |
Cluster 2 Grupa 2 MILK AND CEREALS DIET (N=33) | Cluster 3 |
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Breastfeeding |
10.4 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 18.3 | 0.005 Statistically significant differences between three clusters of children (p<0.05)/Sstatystycznie istotne różnice pomiędzy trzema grupami dzieci. |
Breakfast |
99.4 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 98.8 | 0.1 |
Second breakfast |
93.6 | 98.3 | 87.9 | 92.7 | 0.4 |
Soup |
96.0 | 96.6 | 93.9 | 96.3 | 0.9 |
Main course dish |
92.5 | 93.1 | 90.9 | 92.7 | 0.9 |
Afternoon snack |
93.6 | 94.8 | 93.9 | 92.7 | 0.6 |
Supper |
99.4 | 98.3 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.7 |
Bedtime meal |
55.5 | 56.9 | 69.7 | 48.8 | 0.06 |
Eating/drinking during the night |
42.2 | 37.9 | 39.4 | 46.3 | 0.03 Statistically significant differences between three clusters of children (p<0.05)/Sstatystycznie istotne różnice pomiędzy trzema grupami dzieci. |
Snacking |
85.5 | 79.3 | 87.9 | 89.0 | 0.2 |
Family meals |
86.7 | 81.0 | 87.9 | 90.2 | 0.5 |
Separate meals prepared for the child |
25.4 | 34.5 | 18.2 | 22.0 | 0.6 |
Meals based on baby food |
|||||
follow-on/junior formula |
40.4 | 87.9 | 21.2 | 14.6 | <0.0001 Statistically significant differences between three clusters of children (p<0.05)/Sstatystycznie istotne różnice pomiędzy trzema grupami dzieci. |
vegetable purees, soups |
15.6 | 24.1 | 12.1 | 11.0 | 0.06 |
baby cereals |
36.4 | 46.6 | 33.3 | 30.5 | 0.01 Statistically significant differences between three clusters of children (p<0.05)/Sstatystycznie istotne różnice pomiędzy trzema grupami dzieci. |
fruit purees |
22.0 | 25.9 | 15.2 | 22.0 | 0.3 |
juices |
30.1 | 36.2 | 30.3 | 25.6 | 0.8 |
baby teas |
19.1 | 29.3 | 15.2 | 13.4 | 0.3 |
Ready-to-serve meals |
9.2 | 5.2 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 0.8 |
Variables |
All children |
Cluster 1 |
Cluster 2 |
Cluster 3 |
P value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age [months] |
23.5 (17.8-28.8) | 19.9 (15.4-24.4) | 26.6 (20.0-28.8) | 26.0 (19.0-30.1) | <0.0001 StatisticaIly significant differences between three clusters of children |
||||
Children's BMI z-score |
1.6 (1.3-2.3) | 1.6 (1.2-2.1) | 1.8 (1.3-2.7) | 1.6 (1.3-2.3) | 0.5 | ||||
Mothers' BMI z-score |
23.4 (21.3-26.5) | 22.9 (21.0-26.0) | 22.9 (21.8-29.9) | 23.8 (21.3-26.0) | 0.7 | ||||
Fathers' BMI z-score |
26.6 (24.7-28.9) | 26.8 (24.5-29.4) | 26.9 (24.6-29.4) | 26.4 (24.7-28.0) | 0.8 | ||||
Parents' education |
Mothers [%] |
Fathers [%] |
Mothers [%] |
Fathers [%] |
Mothers [%] |
Fathers [%] |
Mothers [%] |
Fathers [%] |
0.09 (Mothers) 0.02 StatisticaIly significant differences between three clusters of children |
Primary |
18.6 | 31.4 | 15.5 | 34.3 | 53.5 | 14.7 | 29.3 | ||
Secondary |
36.0 | 37.2 | 34.5 | 39.6 | 31.3 | 28.6 | 39.0 | 38.7 | |
University |
45.4 | 31.4 | 50.0 | 37.7 | 34.4 | 17.9 | 46.3 | 32.0 | |
Place of residence [%] |
|||||||||
Urban agglomerations |
20.8 | 25.9 | 21.2 | 17.1 | 0.3 | ||||
Mid-sized cities |
30.6 | 20.7 | 42.4 | 32.9 | |||||
Countryside |
48.6 | 53.4 | 36.4 | 50.0 | |||||
Economic status [%] |
|||||||||
Poor |
0.6 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | ||||
Average |
41.6 | 41.4 | 45.4 | 40.2 | |||||
Good |
57.8 | 59.6 | 54.6 | 59.8 |
Groups of food Products [g] |
Recommended food ration for children aged 13-36 months |
Daily food ration |
Children [%] with consumption of food exceeding recommendations |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All children |
Cluster 1 |
Cluster 2 |
Cluster 3 |
All children |
Cluster 1 |
Cluster 2 |
Cluster 3 |
|||
1. | Cereal products and potatoes |
|||||||||
Bread Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
20 | 46.7 (26.7-63.3) | 29.6 (11.7-50.0) | 53.3 (43.3-65.0) | 50.3 (30.0-70.0) | 83.2 | 65.5 | 97.0 | 90.2 | |
Flour and pasta |
25 | 19.7 (12.2-29.5) | 17.7 (10.3-28.2) | 21.6 (15.3-28.4) | 20.6 (12.5-34.6) | 34.7 | 31.0 | 36.4 | 36.6 | |
Groats, rice, breakfast cereals Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
30 | 16.5 (8.0-32.2) | 11.2 (3.7-28.9) | 33.5 (10.8-49.5) | 16.6 (9.3-27.3) | 27.7 | 20.7 | 54.6 | 22.0 | |
1A. | Potatoes |
100 | 76.0 (42.1-123.7) | 68.9 (27.0-109.2) | 81.9 (54.2-149.5) | 81.7 (46.3-127.3) | 37.6 | 34.5 | 42.4 | 37.8 |
2. | Vegetables and fruits Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
450 | 271.6 (198.4-374.0) | 259.3 (168.6-381.7) | 225.4 (149.1-325.6) | 295.0 (234.6-443.6) | 15.0 | 10.3 | 3.0 | 23.2 |
vegetables |
200 | 111.1 (69.6-159.2) | 99.0 (71.7-139.9) | 100.2 (60.2-139.0) | 121.7 (76.2-173.6) | 10.4 | 8.6 | 3.0 | 14.6 | |
fruits Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; |
250 | 154.7 (93.3-226.7) | 134.6 (90.4-225.7) | 120.8 (68.8-197.9) | 183.1 (119.0-259.3) | 20.2 | 17.2 | 9.1 | 26.8 | |
3. | Milk and dairy products |
|||||||||
milk and fermented milk beverages Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
550 | 467.0 (343.4-666.3) | 555.2 (418.4-699.9) | 719.0 (592.3-867.1) | 348.0 (227.5-467.0) | 38.2 | 51.7 | 75.8 | 13.4 | |
incl. liquid milk Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
450 | 297.9 (15.8-446.7) | 429.8 (321.7-492.6) | 469.7 (377.5-584.5) | 142.6 (66.4-232.9) | 24.9 | 39.7 | 60.6 | 0.0 | |
cow's milk Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 111.2 (42.3-257.0) | 38.6 (12.6-84.9) | 468.6 (377.5-528.2) | 118.7 (58.8-208.8) | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
baby formula Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 0.0 (0.0-278.3) | 360.0 (278.3-450.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
fermented milk beverages |
100 | 25.0 (0.0-56.9) | 18.3 (0.0-53.3) | 20.0 (0.0-50.0) | 33.3 (0.0-76.7) | 12.1 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 15.9 | |
curd cheese |
10-15 | 13.1 (1.2-45.7) | 9.6 (0.0-33.3) | 22.0 (1.7-50.0) | 12.4 (2.9-50.0) | 46.2 | 39.7 | 57.6 | 46.3 | |
rennet cheese |
2 | 0.0 (0.0-5.7) | 0.0 (0.0-5.0) | 0.3 (0.0-8.3) | 0.0 (0.0-6.7) | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.5 | 43.9 | |
4. | Meat, cold meats, fish and eggs |
|||||||||
meat, poultry, cold meats Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; |
20 | (54.480.4 -114.6) | (48.3 70.3 - 100.2) | (66.086.4 -121.8) | (58.083.8 - 127.3) | 94.8 | 93.1 | 93.9 | 96.3 | |
fish |
10 | 0.0 (0.0-4.7) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-19.2) | 0.0 (0.0-9.3) | 21.4 | 13.8 | 27.3 | 24.4 | |
4A. | Eggs Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
25 | 26.4 (9.3-42.1) | 19.7 (7.9-33.3) | 24.7 (8.8-42.1) | 35.9 (11.8-46.3) | 51.4 | 36.2 | 48.5 | 63.4 |
5. | Fats Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
16 | 15.6 (9.1-23.1) | 10.5 (6.1-16.7) | 21.3 (13.9-28.8) | 17.2 (12.4-24.6) | 47.4 | 25.9 | 63.6 | 56.1 |
6. | Sugar and sweets Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
20 | 25.3 (13.8-36.9) | 19.3 (10.6-26.5) | 34.8 (24.5-49.5) | 29.0 (14.8-39.0) | 61.3 | 48.3 | 78.9 | 63.4 |
Energy and nutrients |
Nutritional recommendations EAR / Al+ |
Nutritional value of children's diets |
Children [%] with energy and nutrient intake below EAR/AI |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All children |
Cluster 1 |
Cluster 2 |
Cluster 3 |
All children |
Cluster 1 |
Cluster 2 |
Cluster 3 / |
||
Energy [kJ] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
4885.6 (3979.7-5928.5) | 4449.9 (3625.7-5117.6) | 5854.1 (5076.2-6683.6) | 4725.8 (3826.4-5804.5) | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
Energy [kcal] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
1000 | 1168.5 (951.2-1414.3) | 1063.2 (866.4-1222.9) | 1391.2 (1210.6-1596.0) | 1128.2 (914.1-1385.1) | 31.2 | 41.4 | 6.1 | 34.2 |
Protein [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
12 | 43.0 (34.8-52.3) | 37.2 (28.8-46.6) | 56.7 (47.7-61.1) | 43.0 (35.1-52.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Fat [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
39 | 39.3 (30.9-51.7) | 33.5 (29.7-43.4) | 52.2 (42.0-57.2) | 39.9 (30.3-46.3) | 49.1 | 63.8 | 24.2 | 48.8 |
LCPUFA [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
0.25+ | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 0.1 (0.0-0.1) | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 91.9 | 98.3 | 87.9 | 89.0 |
Carbohydrates [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 170.9 (131.4-197.3) | 158.8 (125.3-186.1) | 182.8 (166.0-219.4) | 167.7 (127.2-196.9) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Digestible carbohydrates [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
100 | 162.6 (123.6-187.4) | 151.3 (117.7-178.2) | 174.6 (154.6-209.2) | 158.8 (119.4-183.4) | 11.0 | 13.8 | 3.0 | 12.2 |
Saccharose [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 38.8 (25.8-53.3) | 30.9 (21.8-40.0) | 48.3 (36.3-66.1) | 41.3 (28.5-55.5) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Lactose [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 17.7 (9.7-27.6) | 28.1 (21.2-35.5) | 25.6 (22.1-32.4) | 9.8 (7.0-14.0) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Starch [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 56.0 (44.7-79.2) | 47.2 (33.8-62.7) | 67.6 (49.9-84.6) | 63.2 (48.4-83.1) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Fiber [g] |
10+ | 9.4 (7.5-12.1) | 9.4 (7.5-11.7) | 8.7 (7.6-10.2) | 9.9 (7.5-12.7) | 56.1 | 55.2 | 72.7 | 50.0 |
Energy from protein [%] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 14.9 (13.3-16.7) | 13.9 (12.8-15.2) | 16.0 (14.8-17.2) | 15.3 (13.3-17.3) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Energy from fat [%] |
-- | 30.8 (27.1-33.7) | 30.1 (27.1-33.0) | 31.9 (29.6-35.0) | 30.4 (26.3-33.3) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Energy from carbohydrates [%] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 54.1 (50.6-58.6) | 56.6 (52.6-59.5) | 51.2 (48.6-54.5) | 53.9 (50.3-57.8) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Energy from Saccharose [%] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
<10 | 13.5 (10.0-16.9) | 11.4 (8.9-13.9) | 13.9 (10.3-16.1) | 14.7 (11.0-18.6) | 26.0 | 36.2 | 21.2 | 20.7 |
Sodium [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
750+ | 1611.4 (1206.3-2072.3) | 1280.9 (886.2-1639.5) | 1851.8 (1669.0-2167.7) | 1762.9 (1347.1-2170.3) | 6.4 | 15.5 | 0.0 | 2.4 |
Potassium [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
2400+ | 1811.5 (1430.3-2163.4) | 1561.3 (1329.9-2002.3) | 2127.6 (1941.7-2393.9) | 1810.5 (1446.9-2258.8) | 85.5 | 96.6 | 75.8 | 81.7 |
Calcium [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
500 | 561.1 (421.6-746.8) | 568.7 (488.8-726.4) | 855.9 (783.9-974.9) | 451.5 (362.0-572.2) | 38.7 | 29.3 | 3.0 | 59.8 |
Phosphorus [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
380 | 745.2 (591.8-897.6) | 650.4 (542.6-815.6) | 1012.6 (874.1-1118.1) | 693.1 (556.0-832.0) | 4.0 | 5.2 | 0.0 | 4.9 |
Magnesium [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
65 | 159.0 (123.4-197.7) | 135.1 (109.5-170.9) | 195.8 (176.3-209.4) | 157.6 (127.0-197.1) | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 2.4 |
Iron [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
3 | 7.0 (5.6-9.0) | 9.0 (7.7-10.6) | 6.0 (5.0-6.9) | 6.2 (4.9-7.8) | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 |
Zinc [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
2.5 | 5.9 (4.9-6.9) | 6.4 (5.6-8.1) | 6.2 (5.3-6.8) | 5.1 (4.1-6.4) | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.4 |
Copper [mg] |
0.25 | 0.6 (0.5-0.7) | 0.6 (0.5-0.7) | 0.6 (0.5-0.7) | 0.6 (0.5-0.7) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Manganese [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 1.7 (1.2-2.3) | 1.3 (0.9-1.8) | 1.9 (1.5-2.1) | 1.8 (1.3-2.5) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
lodine [µg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
65 | 91.3 (68.9-114.9) | 114.6 (94.3-135.5) | 80.6 (67.3-100.1) | 80.5 (59.8-99.5) | 19.7 | 3.4 | 18.2 | 31.7 |
Vitamin A [µg] |
280 | 875.9 (583.7-1183.7) | 923.9 (685.4-1191.4) | 959.4 (688.5-1130.5) | 805.1 (516.1-1173.8) | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.7 |
Vitamin E [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
6+ | 5.6 (4.0-7.6) | 7.6 (6.6-9.3) | 4.5 (3.8-6.0) | 4.6 (3.5-5.9) | 55.5 | 17.2 | 72.7 | 75.6 |
Thiamine [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
0.4 | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | 0.9 (0.7-1.2) | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | 0.7 (0.5-0.9) | 3.5 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 4.9 |
Riboflavin [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
0.4 | 1.2 (1.0-1.5) | 1.2 (0.9-1.4) | 1.7 (1.5-2.1) | 1.0 (0.8-1.4) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Niacin [mg] |
5 | 9.4 (7.4-11.8) | 9.8 (7.2-11.6) | 9.5 (7.7-12.6) | 9.0 (7.5-11.4) | 6.4 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 8.5 |
Vitamin B6 [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
0.4 | 1.2 (0.9-1.4) | 1.0 (0.8-1.3) | 1.3 (1.0-1.7) | 1.2 (0.9-1.4) | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 |
Vitamin B12 [µg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
0.7 | 2.2 (1.5-2.8) | 1.8 (1.3 2.1) | 3.3 (2.8-4.2) | 2.2 (1.5-2.7) | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.4 |
Vitamin D [µg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
10 | 3.5 (1.6-6.2) | 6.7 (5.6-8.9) | 2.2 (1.2-3.8) | 1.9 (1.2-3.1) | 93.1 | 81.0 | 100.0 | 98.8 |
Vitamin C [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
30 | 81.4 (56.1-112.6) | 100.6 (77.3-124.6) | 66.5 (51.4-86.8) | 72.8 (44.4-109.5) | 4.0 | 0.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 |
Folate [µg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
120 | 162.6 (132.8-199.9) | 182.5 (156.3-219.5) | 144.7 (128.6-180.8) | 155.1 (126.9-186.1) | 15.6 | 6.9 | 18.2 | 20.7 |
Folic acid [µg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 3.9 (0.0-38.6) | 42.3 (27.7-59.5) | 0.0 (0.0-9.3) | 0.0 (0.0-10.6) | -- | -- | -- | -- |