Dietary patterns in toddlers with excess weight. The 2016 pitnuts study
Article Category: Therapeutics strategies/strategie postępowania profilaktyczno-leczniczego
Publié en ligne: 28 oct. 2017
Pages: 272 - 285
Reçu: 28 juin 2017
Accepté: 25 juil. 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34763/devperiodmed.20172103.272285
© 2017 Halina Weker, Marta Barańska, Agnieszka Riahi, Małgorzata Strucińska, Małgorzata Więch, Grażyna Rowicka, Hanna Dyląg, Witold Klemarczyk, Agnieszka Bzikowska, Piotr Socha, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Nutritional practices in children (overweight and obese) aged 1-3 years with different dietary patterns.Tabela IV. Organizacja żywienia dzieci w wieku 1-3 lata z nadmiarem masy ciała różniących się wzorami żywienia.
| Nutritional practices |
Toddlers with excess weight [%] consuming various types of foods everyday or at least 2-4 times a week |
P value |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All children |
Cluster 1 |
Cluster 2 Grupa 2 MILK AND CEREALS DIET (N=33) | Cluster 3 |
||
| Breastfeeding |
10.4 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 18.3 | 0.005 Statistically significant differences between three clusters of children (p<0.05)/Sstatystycznie istotne różnice pomiędzy trzema grupami dzieci. |
| Breakfast |
99.4 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 98.8 | 0.1 |
| Second breakfast |
93.6 | 98.3 | 87.9 | 92.7 | 0.4 |
| Soup |
96.0 | 96.6 | 93.9 | 96.3 | 0.9 |
| Main course dish |
92.5 | 93.1 | 90.9 | 92.7 | 0.9 |
| Afternoon snack |
93.6 | 94.8 | 93.9 | 92.7 | 0.6 |
| Supper |
99.4 | 98.3 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.7 |
| Bedtime meal |
55.5 | 56.9 | 69.7 | 48.8 | 0.06 |
| Eating/drinking during the night |
42.2 | 37.9 | 39.4 | 46.3 | 0.03 Statistically significant differences between three clusters of children (p<0.05)/Sstatystycznie istotne różnice pomiędzy trzema grupami dzieci. |
| Snacking |
85.5 | 79.3 | 87.9 | 89.0 | 0.2 |
| Family meals |
86.7 | 81.0 | 87.9 | 90.2 | 0.5 |
| Separate meals prepared for the child |
25.4 | 34.5 | 18.2 | 22.0 | 0.6 |
| Meals based on baby food |
|||||
| follow-on/junior formula |
40.4 | 87.9 | 21.2 | 14.6 | <0.0001 Statistically significant differences between three clusters of children (p<0.05)/Sstatystycznie istotne różnice pomiędzy trzema grupami dzieci. |
| vegetable purees, soups |
15.6 | 24.1 | 12.1 | 11.0 | 0.06 |
| baby cereals |
36.4 | 46.6 | 33.3 | 30.5 | 0.01 Statistically significant differences between three clusters of children (p<0.05)/Sstatystycznie istotne różnice pomiędzy trzema grupami dzieci. |
| fruit purees |
22.0 | 25.9 | 15.2 | 22.0 | 0.3 |
| juices |
30.1 | 36.2 | 30.3 | 25.6 | 0.8 |
| baby teas |
19.1 | 29.3 | 15.2 | 13.4 | 0.3 |
| Ready-to-serve meals |
9.2 | 5.2 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 0.8 |
Baseline characteristics.Tabela I. Charakterystyka badanych dzieci.
| Variables |
All children |
Cluster 1 |
Cluster 2 |
Cluster 3 |
P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [months] |
23.5 (17.8-28.8) | 19.9 (15.4-24.4) | 26.6 (20.0-28.8) | 26.0 (19.0-30.1) | <0.0001 StatisticaIly significant differences between three clusters of children |
||||
| Children's BMI z-score |
1.6 (1.3-2.3) | 1.6 (1.2-2.1) | 1.8 (1.3-2.7) | 1.6 (1.3-2.3) | 0.5 | ||||
| Mothers' BMI z-score |
23.4 (21.3-26.5) | 22.9 (21.0-26.0) | 22.9 (21.8-29.9) | 23.8 (21.3-26.0) | 0.7 | ||||
| Fathers' BMI z-score |
26.6 (24.7-28.9) | 26.8 (24.5-29.4) | 26.9 (24.6-29.4) | 26.4 (24.7-28.0) | 0.8 | ||||
| Parents' education |
Mothers [%] |
Fathers [%] |
Mothers [%] |
Fathers [%] |
Mothers [%] |
Fathers [%] |
Mothers [%] |
Fathers [%] |
0.09 (Mothers) 0.02 StatisticaIly significant differences between three clusters of children |
| Primary |
18.6 | 31.4 | 15.5 | 34.3 | 53.5 | 14.7 | 29.3 | ||
| Secondary |
36.0 | 37.2 | 34.5 | 39.6 | 31.3 | 28.6 | 39.0 | 38.7 | |
| University |
45.4 | 31.4 | 50.0 | 37.7 | 34.4 | 17.9 | 46.3 | 32.0 | |
| Place of residence [%] |
|||||||||
| Urban agglomerations |
20.8 | 25.9 | 21.2 | 17.1 | 0.3 | ||||
| Mid-sized cities |
30.6 | 20.7 | 42.4 | 32.9 | |||||
| Countryside |
48.6 | 53.4 | 36.4 | 50.0 | |||||
| Economic status [%] |
|||||||||
| Poor |
0.6 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | ||||
| Average |
41.6 | 41.4 | 45.4 | 40.2 | |||||
| Good |
57.8 | 59.6 | 54.6 | 59.8 | |||||
Comparison of the average daily food rations of children with excess weight aged 1-3 years with different dietary patterns with regard to model food rations.Tabela II. Porównanie przeciętnej całodziennej racji pokarmowej dzieci w wieku 1-3 lata z nadmiarem masy ciała różniɋcych się wzorami żywienia w odniesieniu do zalecanej racji pokarmowej.
| Groups of food Products [g] |
Recommended food ration for children aged 13-36 months |
Daily food ration |
Children [%] with consumption of food exceeding recommendations |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All children |
Cluster 1 |
Cluster 2 |
Cluster 3 |
All children |
Cluster 1 |
Cluster 2 |
Cluster 3 |
|||
| 1. | Cereal products and potatoes |
|||||||||
| Bread Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
20 | 46.7 (26.7-63.3) | 29.6 (11.7-50.0) | 53.3 (43.3-65.0) | 50.3 (30.0-70.0) | 83.2 | 65.5 | 97.0 | 90.2 | |
| Flour and pasta |
25 | 19.7 (12.2-29.5) | 17.7 (10.3-28.2) | 21.6 (15.3-28.4) | 20.6 (12.5-34.6) | 34.7 | 31.0 | 36.4 | 36.6 | |
| Groats, rice, breakfast cereals Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
30 | 16.5 (8.0-32.2) | 11.2 (3.7-28.9) | 33.5 (10.8-49.5) | 16.6 (9.3-27.3) | 27.7 | 20.7 | 54.6 | 22.0 | |
| 1A. | Potatoes |
100 | 76.0 (42.1-123.7) | 68.9 (27.0-109.2) | 81.9 (54.2-149.5) | 81.7 (46.3-127.3) | 37.6 | 34.5 | 42.4 | 37.8 |
| 2. | Vegetables and fruits Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
450 | 271.6 (198.4-374.0) | 259.3 (168.6-381.7) | 225.4 (149.1-325.6) | 295.0 (234.6-443.6) | 15.0 | 10.3 | 3.0 | 23.2 |
| vegetables |
200 | 111.1 (69.6-159.2) | 99.0 (71.7-139.9) | 100.2 (60.2-139.0) | 121.7 (76.2-173.6) | 10.4 | 8.6 | 3.0 | 14.6 | |
| fruits Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; |
250 | 154.7 (93.3-226.7) | 134.6 (90.4-225.7) | 120.8 (68.8-197.9) | 183.1 (119.0-259.3) | 20.2 | 17.2 | 9.1 | 26.8 | |
| 3. | Milk and dairy products |
|||||||||
| milk and fermented milk beverages Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
550 | 467.0 (343.4-666.3) | 555.2 (418.4-699.9) | 719.0 (592.3-867.1) | 348.0 (227.5-467.0) | 38.2 | 51.7 | 75.8 | 13.4 | |
| incl. liquid milk Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
450 | 297.9 (15.8-446.7) | 429.8 (321.7-492.6) | 469.7 (377.5-584.5) | 142.6 (66.4-232.9) | 24.9 | 39.7 | 60.6 | 0.0 | |
| cow's milk Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 111.2 (42.3-257.0) | 38.6 (12.6-84.9) | 468.6 (377.5-528.2) | 118.7 (58.8-208.8) | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| baby formula Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 0.0 (0.0-278.3) | 360.0 (278.3-450.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| fermented milk beverages |
100 | 25.0 (0.0-56.9) | 18.3 (0.0-53.3) | 20.0 (0.0-50.0) | 33.3 (0.0-76.7) | 12.1 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 15.9 | |
| curd cheese |
10-15 | 13.1 (1.2-45.7) | 9.6 (0.0-33.3) | 22.0 (1.7-50.0) | 12.4 (2.9-50.0) | 46.2 | 39.7 | 57.6 | 46.3 | |
| rennet cheese |
2 | 0.0 (0.0-5.7) | 0.0 (0.0-5.0) | 0.3 (0.0-8.3) | 0.0 (0.0-6.7) | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.5 | 43.9 | |
| 4. | Meat, cold meats, fish and eggs |
|||||||||
| meat, poultry, cold meats Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; |
20 | (54.480.4 -114.6) | (48.3 70.3 - 100.2) | (66.086.4 -121.8) | (58.083.8 - 127.3) | 94.8 | 93.1 | 93.9 | 96.3 | |
| fish |
10 | 0.0 (0.0-4.7) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-19.2) | 0.0 (0.0-9.3) | 21.4 | 13.8 | 27.3 | 24.4 | |
| 4A. | Eggs Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
25 | 26.4 (9.3-42.1) | 19.7 (7.9-33.3) | 24.7 (8.8-42.1) | 35.9 (11.8-46.3) | 51.4 | 36.2 | 48.5 | 63.4 |
| 5. | Fats Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
16 | 15.6 (9.1-23.1) | 10.5 (6.1-16.7) | 21.3 (13.9-28.8) | 17.2 (12.4-24.6) | 47.4 | 25.9 | 63.6 | 56.1 |
| 6. | Sugar and sweets Statistically significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (KruskaI-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
20 | 25.3 (13.8-36.9) | 19.3 (10.6-26.5) | 34.8 (24.5-49.5) | 29.0 (14.8-39.0) | 61.3 | 48.3 | 78.9 | 63.4 |
Comparison of an average energy and nutrient intake in diets of children with excess weight aged 1-3 years with different dietary patterns with regard to nutritional recommendations.Tabela III. Porównanie przeciętnej wartości energetycznej i odżywczej diet dzieci w wieku 1-3 lata z nadmiarem masy ciała różniɋcych się wzorami żywienia w odniesieniu do zaleceń żywienia.
| Energy and nutrients |
Nutritional recommendations EAR / Al+ |
Nutritional value of children's diets |
Children [%] with energy and nutrient intake below EAR/AI |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All children |
Cluster 1 |
Cluster 2 |
Cluster 3 |
All children |
Cluster 1 |
Cluster 2 |
Cluster 3 / |
||
| Energy [kJ] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
4885.6 (3979.7-5928.5) | 4449.9 (3625.7-5117.6) | 5854.1 (5076.2-6683.6) | 4725.8 (3826.4-5804.5) | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
| Energy [kcal] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
1000 | 1168.5 (951.2-1414.3) | 1063.2 (866.4-1222.9) | 1391.2 (1210.6-1596.0) | 1128.2 (914.1-1385.1) | 31.2 | 41.4 | 6.1 | 34.2 |
| Protein [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
12 | 43.0 (34.8-52.3) | 37.2 (28.8-46.6) | 56.7 (47.7-61.1) | 43.0 (35.1-52.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fat [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
39 | 39.3 (30.9-51.7) | 33.5 (29.7-43.4) | 52.2 (42.0-57.2) | 39.9 (30.3-46.3) | 49.1 | 63.8 | 24.2 | 48.8 |
| LCPUFA [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
0.25+ | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 0.1 (0.0-0.1) | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 91.9 | 98.3 | 87.9 | 89.0 |
| Carbohydrates [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 170.9 (131.4-197.3) | 158.8 (125.3-186.1) | 182.8 (166.0-219.4) | 167.7 (127.2-196.9) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Digestible carbohydrates [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
100 | 162.6 (123.6-187.4) | 151.3 (117.7-178.2) | 174.6 (154.6-209.2) | 158.8 (119.4-183.4) | 11.0 | 13.8 | 3.0 | 12.2 |
| Saccharose [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 38.8 (25.8-53.3) | 30.9 (21.8-40.0) | 48.3 (36.3-66.1) | 41.3 (28.5-55.5) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Lactose [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 17.7 (9.7-27.6) | 28.1 (21.2-35.5) | 25.6 (22.1-32.4) | 9.8 (7.0-14.0) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Starch [g] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 56.0 (44.7-79.2) | 47.2 (33.8-62.7) | 67.6 (49.9-84.6) | 63.2 (48.4-83.1) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Fiber [g] |
10+ | 9.4 (7.5-12.1) | 9.4 (7.5-11.7) | 8.7 (7.6-10.2) | 9.9 (7.5-12.7) | 56.1 | 55.2 | 72.7 | 50.0 |
| Energy from protein [%] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 14.9 (13.3-16.7) | 13.9 (12.8-15.2) | 16.0 (14.8-17.2) | 15.3 (13.3-17.3) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Energy from fat [%] |
-- | 30.8 (27.1-33.7) | 30.1 (27.1-33.0) | 31.9 (29.6-35.0) | 30.4 (26.3-33.3) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Energy from carbohydrates [%] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 54.1 (50.6-58.6) | 56.6 (52.6-59.5) | 51.2 (48.6-54.5) | 53.9 (50.3-57.8) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Energy from Saccharose [%] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
<10 | 13.5 (10.0-16.9) | 11.4 (8.9-13.9) | 13.9 (10.3-16.1) | 14.7 (11.0-18.6) | 26.0 | 36.2 | 21.2 | 20.7 |
| Sodium [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
750+ | 1611.4 (1206.3-2072.3) | 1280.9 (886.2-1639.5) | 1851.8 (1669.0-2167.7) | 1762.9 (1347.1-2170.3) | 6.4 | 15.5 | 0.0 | 2.4 |
| Potassium [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
2400+ | 1811.5 (1430.3-2163.4) | 1561.3 (1329.9-2002.3) | 2127.6 (1941.7-2393.9) | 1810.5 (1446.9-2258.8) | 85.5 | 96.6 | 75.8 | 81.7 |
| Calcium [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
500 | 561.1 (421.6-746.8) | 568.7 (488.8-726.4) | 855.9 (783.9-974.9) | 451.5 (362.0-572.2) | 38.7 | 29.3 | 3.0 | 59.8 |
| Phosphorus [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
380 | 745.2 (591.8-897.6) | 650.4 (542.6-815.6) | 1012.6 (874.1-1118.1) | 693.1 (556.0-832.0) | 4.0 | 5.2 | 0.0 | 4.9 |
| Magnesium [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
65 | 159.0 (123.4-197.7) | 135.1 (109.5-170.9) | 195.8 (176.3-209.4) | 157.6 (127.0-197.1) | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 2.4 |
| Iron [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
3 | 7.0 (5.6-9.0) | 9.0 (7.7-10.6) | 6.0 (5.0-6.9) | 6.2 (4.9-7.8) | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 |
| Zinc [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
2.5 | 5.9 (4.9-6.9) | 6.4 (5.6-8.1) | 6.2 (5.3-6.8) | 5.1 (4.1-6.4) | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.4 |
| Copper [mg] |
0.25 | 0.6 (0.5-0.7) | 0.6 (0.5-0.7) | 0.6 (0.5-0.7) | 0.6 (0.5-0.7) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Manganese [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 1.7 (1.2-2.3) | 1.3 (0.9-1.8) | 1.9 (1.5-2.1) | 1.8 (1.3-2.5) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| lodine [µg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
65 | 91.3 (68.9-114.9) | 114.6 (94.3-135.5) | 80.6 (67.3-100.1) | 80.5 (59.8-99.5) | 19.7 | 3.4 | 18.2 | 31.7 |
| Vitamin A [µg] |
280 | 875.9 (583.7-1183.7) | 923.9 (685.4-1191.4) | 959.4 (688.5-1130.5) | 805.1 (516.1-1173.8) | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.7 |
| Vitamin E [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
6+ | 5.6 (4.0-7.6) | 7.6 (6.6-9.3) | 4.5 (3.8-6.0) | 4.6 (3.5-5.9) | 55.5 | 17.2 | 72.7 | 75.6 |
| Thiamine [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
0.4 | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | 0.9 (0.7-1.2) | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | 0.7 (0.5-0.9) | 3.5 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 4.9 |
| Riboflavin [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
0.4 | 1.2 (1.0-1.5) | 1.2 (0.9-1.4) | 1.7 (1.5-2.1) | 1.0 (0.8-1.4) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Niacin [mg] |
5 | 9.4 (7.4-11.8) | 9.8 (7.2-11.6) | 9.5 (7.7-12.6) | 9.0 (7.5-11.4) | 6.4 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 8.5 |
| Vitamin B6 [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
0.4 | 1.2 (0.9-1.4) | 1.0 (0.8-1.3) | 1.3 (1.0-1.7) | 1.2 (0.9-1.4) | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 |
| Vitamin B12 [µg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
0.7 | 2.2 (1.5-2.8) | 1.8 (1.3 2.1) | 3.3 (2.8-4.2) | 2.2 (1.5-2.7) | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.4 |
| Vitamin D [µg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; Statistically significant differences in the odds of children from different clusters with consumption of food exceeding recommendations (chi2 test; |
10 | 3.5 (1.6-6.2) | 6.7 (5.6-8.9) | 2.2 (1.2-3.8) | 1.9 (1.2-3.1) | 93.1 | 81.0 | 100.0 | 98.8 |
| Vitamin C [mg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
30 | 81.4 (56.1-112.6) | 100.6 (77.3-124.6) | 66.5 (51.4-86.8) | 72.8 (44.4-109.5) | 4.0 | 0.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 |
| Folate [µg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
120 | 162.6 (132.8-199.9) | 182.5 (156.3-219.5) | 144.7 (128.6-180.8) | 155.1 (126.9-186.1) | 15.6 | 6.9 | 18.2 | 20.7 |
| Folic acid [µg] Statistical significant differences in consumption of food products between the three clusters of children (Kruskal-Wallis rank Anova; |
-- | 3.9 (0.0-38.6) | 42.3 (27.7-59.5) | 0.0 (0.0-9.3) | 0.0 (0.0-10.6) | -- | -- | -- | -- |