Eating frequency (every day or 2-4 twice a week) |
Percentage of children at the age of 2 and 3 years |
Children aged 13-36 months total (n=612) |
|
---|---|---|---|
Meals prepared separately for the child |
37.6 | 14.7 | 26.3 |
80.3 | 94.8 | 87.4 | |
56.7 | 29.0 | 43.0 | |
Infant cereals |
48.8 | 26.1 | 37.6 |
Baby food [soups/dishes] |
22.9 | 5.9 | 14.5 |
31.7 | 11.4 | 21.7 | |
84.8 | 86.9 | 85.8 | |
Pasta |
51.4 | 54.3 | 52.8 |
33.9 | 49.4 | 41.5 | |
Cow’s milk |
41.9 | 62.1 | 52.0 |
Fruit yoghurts, dairy desserts |
57.7 | 67.6 | 62.6 |
Poultry |
92.9 | 91.8 | 85.5 |
Cured meats |
78.0 | 82.4 | 80.1 |
Vegetables |
83.7 | 84.3 | 84.0 |
92.9 | 91.8 | 92.3 |
Variables |
Infants 5-12 months old (n=447) | Children 13-36 months old (n=612) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
7.7 (5.8-10.2) | 24.1 (17.8-30.0) | |||
boys |
49.4 | 50.0 | ||
50.6 | 50.0 | |||
Primary | ||||
2.0 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 3.8 | |
vocational | ||||
13.4 | 22.6 | 12.6 | 22.2 | |
secondary | ||||
38.9 | 38.0 | 35.0 | 36.6 | |
university | ||||
45.6 | 29.1 | 47.4 | 29.2 | |
Agglomerations |
13.0 | 12.3 | ||
13.4 | 13.1 | |||
city |
10.1 | 8.8 | ||
25.1 | 25.3 | |||
countryside |
38.5 | 40.5 | ||
underweight (BMI<18,5) | ||||
5.1 | 0.7 | 4.6 | 0.2 | |
normal (BMI≥18,5 and <25) | ||||
62.9 | 32.2 | 61.9 | 29.6 | |
overweight (BMI≥25 and <30) | ||||
21.7 | 45.9 | 22.2 | 47.9 | |
obesity (BMI≥30) | ||||
9.8 | 14.1 | 9.0 | 12.9 |
Nutritional status |
Cut-off points Weight-for-height z-score (acc. to WHO) |
Infants 5-12 months old (n=447) |
|
---|---|---|---|
N | % | ||
Possible risk of overweight |
>1 SD to 2 SD | 61 | 13.7 |
Overweight/Nadwaga | >2 SD to 3 SD | 13 | 2.9 |
Obese/Otyłość | >3 SD | 6 | 1.3 |
Total/ |
80 | 17.9 | |
Wasted |
<-2 SD to -3 SD | 42 | 9.4 |
Severely wasted |
<-3 SD | 23 | 5.1 |
Total/ |
65 | 14.5 | |
≥-2 SD to +1 SD | 302 | 67.6 |
Nutritional status |
Cut-off points Weight-for-height z-score (acc. to WHO) |
Children aged 13-36 months (n=612) |
|
---|---|---|---|
N | % | ||
>1 SD to 2 SD | 113 | 18.4 | |
Overweight |
>2 SD to 3 SD | 42 | 6.9 |
Obese Otyłość | >3 SD | 17 | 2.8 |
Total |
172 | 28.1 | |
Wasted |
<-2 SD to -3 SD | 14 | 2.3 |
Severely wasted |
<-3 SD | 11 | 1.8 |
Total |
25 | 4.1 | |
≥-2 SD to +1 SD | 415 | 67.8 |
Meals |
Percentage of children aged 13-36 months who consume such meals every day or at least 2-4 times a week |
---|---|
10.0 | |
breakfast |
99.3 |
second breakfast |
93.5 |
dinner [soup/main course] |
95.8/94.9 |
afternoon snack |
94.0 |
supper |
98.9 |
bedtime meal |
55.6 |
eating/drinking at night |
42.0 |
snacking between meals |
85.1 |
family meals |
87.4 |
meals prepared separately for the child |
26.3 |
meals based on baby foods intended for infants and young children |
14.5-43.0 |
meals not prepared at home |
3.3 |
Group of products |
Unit |
Model food ration for children aged 13-36 months |
Consumption in group of children aged 13-36 months (n=612) |
Percentage of children with consumption below recommendations Odsetek dzieci ze spożyciem poniżej normy | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median |
Range 1-3 quartile |
|||||
1. | Cereal products and potatoes |
|||||
g | 20 | 45.0 | 25.0-63.3 | 16.3 | ||
flour, pasta |
g | 25 | 19.3 | 11.4-32.8 | 62.6 | |
groats, rice, cereals |
g | 30 | 17.9 | 8.1-32.5 | 72.2 | |
1A. | Potatoes |
g | 100 | 70.8 | 41.8-116.3 | 66.7 |
2. | Vegetables and fruits |
g | 450 | 277.6 | 195.3-384.2 | 82.7 |
vegetables |
g | 200 | 100.8 | 62.1-158.0 | 87.9 | |
fruits |
g | 250 | 170.3 | 99.1-251.9 | 74.3 | |
3. | Milk and milk products |
|||||
milk and fermented milk products |
g | 550 | 309.2 | 172.2-455.7 | 88.1 | |
including liquid milk |
g | 450 | 270.3 | 133.0-426.3 | 78.3 | |
cow’s milk |
g | -- | 103.5 | 41.5-227.8 | -- | |
infant formula |
g | -- | 0.0 | 0.0-270.0 | -- | |
fermented milk products |
g | 100 | 20.7 | 0.0-53.3 | 91.4 | |
g | 10-15 | 13.3 | 2.1-43.3 | 43.6 | ||
cheese |
g | 2 | 0.0 | 0.0-5.7 | 59.6 | |
4. | Meat, cured meat, fishes and eggs |
|||||
meat, poultry meat, cured meats |
g | 20 | 68.8 | 43.8-100.5 | 7.5 | |
Fish |
g | 10 | 0.0 | 0.0-5.7 | 77.5 | |
4A. | Eggs |
g | 25 | 22.7 | 6.8-41.3 | 53.9 |
5. | Fats |
g | 16 | 17.2 | 10.8-25.6 | 44.6 |
Butter and cream |
g | 6 | 9.7 | 6.0-15.9 | 25.0 | |
Vegetable oils |
g | 10 | 6.6 | 3.3-10.9 | 71.7 | |
6. | Sugar and sweets |
g | 20 | 25.3 | 13.3-40.1 | 39.9 |
Age (months) |
Abilities |
Number of meals per day (approximate) |
Ration size (ml) (approximate) |
Meals type and consistency |
Examples2 |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Suction and swallowing Ssanie |
7* | 110 | Liquids / |
Mother's milk or infant formula |
|
2-4 | 6* | 120-140 | ||||
5-6 | Initial mincing of meals with the tongue |
5* | 150-160 | Breastfeeding or formula feeding1 |
Smooth purée |
Cooked and mixed vegetables (eg. carrot) or fruits (e.g. apple, banana), meat, eggs, or potato purée, gluten-free infant cereals |
7-8 | Drawing food with the lips from the spoon |
5* | 170-180 | Breastfeeding or formula feeding1 |
Increased diversity of minced or chopped products |
Mixed / finely chopped meat and fish |
9-12 | 4-5* | 190-220 | ||||
No Lp. | Range of products |
Percentage of infants (n=447) who had complementary foods introduced in consecutive months of life |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 month of life |
2 month of life |
3 month of life |
4 month of life |
5 month of life |
6 month of life |
||
1. | Infant formula |
27.3 | 10.7 | 9.2 | 6.3 | 3.8 | 4.9 |
2. | Gluten-free infant cereals (rice, corn) |
0.9 | 1.3 | 5.1 | 24.8 | 21.0 | 13.4 |
3. | Gluten-containing infant cereals (semolina, wheat, multigrain) |
0.4 | 1.1 | 2.9 | 11.4 | 17.7 | 16.3 |
4. | 0.2 | 0.7 | 2.9 | 21.0 | 14.3 | 14.5 | |
5. | Water |
25.3 | 10.3 | 12.5 | 13.9 | 12.3 | 9.6 |
6. | Tea for children |
16.1 | 6.5 | 7.4 | 12.3 | 8.1 | 5.1 |
7. | Tea / |
0.9 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 4.9 | 3.6 | 3.6 |
8. | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 5.8 | 8.5 | 13.2 | |
9. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 30.6 | 23.9 | 14.8 | |
10. | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 30.9 | 28.9 | 17.4 | |
11. | Meat |
0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 7.8 | 20.8 | 21.3 |
12. | Fish |
0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 3.4 | 13.2 | 16.6 |
13. | Egg yolk |
0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 3.1 | 4.7 | 15.9 |
14. | Whole egg |
0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 7.8 |
15. | Yoghurt/cottage cheese/cheese |
0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 5.4 | 8.1 | 12.3 |
16. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 2.5 | 1.1 | |
17. | Biscuits/sponge fingers |
0.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 6.7 | 11.2 | 15.7 |
Nutrients |
Unit |
Children aged 13-36 months (n=612) |
Recommendation EAR/AI |
Percentage of children consuming less than recommedations |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median |
1-3 quartile |
||||
Energy |
kJ | 4638.0 | 3826.1-5693.4 | -- | |
Energy |
kcal | 1105.2 | 913.6-1355.9 | 1000 | 36.6 |
g | 40.7 | 32.1-50.6 | 12 | 0.3 | |
Fat |
g | 36.3 | 28.6-46.7 | 39 | 58.7 |
LCPUFA |
mg | 37.1 | 18.5-76.5 | 250* | 99.0 |
Total carbohydrates |
g | 161.2 | 131.2-195.1 | -- | -- |
Digestible carbohydrates |
g | 152.4 | 123.7-183.7 | 100 | 11.1 |
Sucrose |
g | 38.2 | 25.6-53.7 | -- | -- |
Lactose |
g | 15.7 | 8.6-26.6 | -- | -- |
g | 56.4 | 42.0-75.1 | -- | -- | |
Dietary fibre |
g | 9.6 | 7.4-12.4 | 10* | 56.4 |
Percent of energy |
% | 14.6 | 12.9-16.7 | -- | -- |
Percent of energy |
% | 29.6 | 26.1-33.2 | -- | -- |
Percent of energy from carbohydrates |
% | 55.5 | 51.2-59.9 | -- | -- |
Percent of energy |
% | 13.9 | 10.0-18.0 | <10% | 25.2 |
Minerals |
|||||
Sodium |
mg | 1541.8 | 1122.9-1944.9 | 750* | 9.3 |
Ptassium |
mg | 1711.3 | 1361.7-2110.2 | 2400* | 87.4 |
Calcium |
mg | 546.7 | 414.2-707.8 | 500 | 42.3 |
Phosphorus |
mg | 685.8 | 556.0-855.4 | 380 | 5.4 |
Magesium |
mg | 150.2 | 119.0-187.6 | 65 | 2.0 |
Iron / |
mg | 6.98 | 5.35-8.85 | 3 | 2.0 |
Zinc |
mg | 5.68 | 4.44-6.72 | 2.5 | 2.0 |
Cooper |
mg | 0.60 | 0.46-0.74 | 0.25 | 1.1 |
Manganese |
mg | 1.66 | 1.16-2.20 | -- | -- |
Iodine |
μg | 88.9 | 65.1-112.5 | 65 | 27.5 |
Vitamins |
|||||
Vitamin A (retinol equivalent) |
μg | 829.8 | 585.4-1155.7 | 280 | 3.4 |
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol equivalent) |
mg | 5.6 | 4.0-7.5 | 6* | 59.2 |
Thiamine |
mg | 0.73 | 0.57-0.98 | 0.4 | 7.0 |
Riboflavin |
mg | 1.15 | 0.90-1.44 | 0.4 | 1.8 |
Niacin |
mg | 8.60 | 6.78-11.26 | 5 | 10.1 |
Vitamin B6 |
mg | 1.07 | 0.86-1.35 | 0.4 | 1.1 |
Vitamin B12 |
μg | 2.00 | 1.50-2.77 | 0.7 | 3.1 |
Vitamin D |
μg | 3.49 | 1.43-6.36 | 10 | 94.4 |
mg | 83.1 | 54.0-118.1 | 30 | 7.5 | |
Folate (diet equivalent) |
μg | 161.1 | 127.5-201.1 | 120 | 20.8 |
μg | 7.7 | 0.0-39.3 | -- |