Isolation and Identification of Chlamydia abortus from Aborted Ewes in Sulaimani Province, Northern Iraq

Baily GG, Krahn JB, Drasar BS, Stoker NG. Detection of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus by DNA amplification. J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Aug;95(4):271–275. Baily GG Krahn JB Drasar BS Stoker NG. Detection of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus by DNA amplification . J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Aug ; 95 ( 4 ): 271 – 275 . Search in Google Scholar

Borel N, Thoma R, Spaeni P, Weilenmann R, Teankum K, Brugnera E, Zimmermann DR, Vaughan L, Pospischil A. Chlamydia-related abortions in cattle from Graubunden, Switzerland. Vet Pathol. 2006 Sep;43(5):702–708. https://doi.org/10.1354/vp.43-5-702 Borel N Thoma R Spaeni P Weilenmann R Teankum K Brugnera E Zimmermann DR Vaughan L Pospischil A. Chlamydia-related abortions in cattle from Graubunden, Switzerland . Vet Pathol. 2006 Sep ; 43 ( 5 ): 702 – 708 . https://doi.org/10.1354/vp.43-5-702 10.1354/vp.43-5-702 Search in Google Scholar

Campos-Hernández E, Vázquez-Chagoyán JC, Salem AZM, Saltijeral-Oaxaca JA, Escalante-Ochoa C, López-Heydeck SM, de Oca-Jiménez RM. Prevalence and molecular identification of Chlamydia abortus in commercial dairy goat farms in a hot region in Mexico. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2014 Aug;46(6):919–924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0585-6 Campos-Hernández E Vázquez-Chagoyán JC Salem AZM Saltijeral-Oaxaca JA Escalante-Ochoa C López-Heydeck SM de Oca-Jiménez RM. Prevalence and molecular identification of Chlamydia abortus in commercial dairy goat farms in a hot region in Mexico . Trop Anim Health Prod. 2014 Aug ; 46 ( 6 ): 919 – 924 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0585-6 10.1007/s11250-014-0585-6 Search in Google Scholar

Condon K, Oakey J. Detection of Chlamydiaceae DNA in veterinary specimens using a family-specific PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2007 Aug;45(2):121–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02169.x Condon K Oakey J. Detection of Chlamydiaceae DNA in veterinary specimens using a family-specific PCR . Lett Appl Microbiol. 2007 Aug ; 45 ( 2 ): 121 – 127 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02169.x 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02169.x Search in Google Scholar

Dağ S, Büyük F, Özen H, Çelebi Ö, Karaman M, Akça D, Şahin M. Detection of Brucella spp. in vaginal swab samples of aborting cattle: comparison of immunoperoxidase to bacteriological culture technique. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2012;18(4):617–622. Dağ S Büyük F Özen H Çelebi Ö Karaman M Akça D Şahin M. Detection of Brucella spp. in vaginal swab samples of aborting cattle: comparison of immunoperoxidase to bacteriological culture technique . Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2012 ; 18 ( 4 ): 617 – 622 . Search in Google Scholar

Dagnall GJR, Wilsmore AJ. A simple staining method for the identification of chlamydial elementary bodies in the fetal membranes of sheep affected by ovine enzootic abortion. Vet Microbiol. 1990 Jan;21(3):233–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(90)90034-S Dagnall GJR Wilsmore AJ. A simple staining method for the identification of chlamydial elementary bodies in the fetal membranes of sheep affected by ovine enzootic abortion . Vet Microbiol. 1990 Jan ; 21 ( 3 ): 233 – 239 . https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(90)90034-S 10.1016/0378-1135(90)90034-S Search in Google Scholar

DeGraves FJ, Kim T, Jee J, Schlapp T, Hehnen HR, Kaltenboeck B. Reinfection with Chlamydophila abortus by uterine and indirect cohort routes reduces fertility in cattle preexposed to Chlamydophila. Infect Immun. 2004 May 01;72(5):2538–2545. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.5.2538-2545.2004 DeGraves FJ Kim T Jee J Schlapp T Hehnen HR Kaltenboeck B. Reinfection with Chlamydophila abortus by uterine and indirect cohort routes reduces fertility in cattle preexposed to Chlamydophila . Infect Immun. 2004 May 01 ; 72 ( 5 ): 2538 – 2545 . https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.5.2538-2545.2004 10.1128/IAI.72.5.2538-2545.200438784115102761 Search in Google Scholar

Everett KDE, Bush RM, Andersen AA. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1999 Apr 01;49(2):415–440. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-49-2-415 Everett KDE Bush RM Andersen AA. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms . Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1999 Apr 01 ; 49 ( 2 ): 415 – 440 . https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-49-2-415 10.1099/00207713-49-2-41510319462 Search in Google Scholar

Mohammed SI, Habeb KA, Faik AJ. Molecular Diagnosis of Brucella species in Baghdad. Baghdad Sci J. 2013 Mar 03;10(1):109–115. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.10.1.109-115 Mohammed SI Habeb KA Faik AJ. Molecular Diagnosis of Brucella species in Baghdad . Baghdad Sci J. 2013 Mar 03 ; 10 ( 1 ): 109 – 115 . https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.10.1.109-115 10.21123/bsj.10.1.109-115 Search in Google Scholar

Halbert G. Diseases of sheep. Can Vet J. 2008;49(7):702. Halbert G. Diseases of sheep . Can Vet J. 2008 ; 49 ( 7 ): 702 . Search in Google Scholar

Harris SR, Clarke IN, Seth-Smith HMB, Solomon AW, Cutcliffe LT, Marsh P, Skilton RJ, Holland MJ, Mabey D, Peeling RW, et al. Whole-genome analysis of diverse Chlamydia trachomatis strains identifies phylogenetic relationships masked by current clinical typing. Nat Genet. 2012 Apr;44(4):413–419, S1. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2214 Harris SR Clarke IN Seth-Smith HMB Solomon AW Cutcliffe LT Marsh P Skilton RJ Holland MJ Mabey D Peeling RW , Whole-genome analysis of diverse Chlamydia trachomatis strains identifies phylogenetic relationships masked by current clinical typing . Nat Genet. 2012 Apr ; 44 ( 4 ): 413 – 419 , S1. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2214 10.1038/ng.2214337869022406642 Search in Google Scholar

Kalender H, Kiliç A, Eröksüz H, Muz A, Kilinç Ü, Taşdemir B. Identification of Chlamydophila abortus infection in aborting ewes and goats in Eastern Turkey. Rev Med Vet. 2013;164(6):295–301. Kalender H Kiliç A Eröksüz H Muz A Kilinç Ü Taşdemir B. Identification of Chlamydophila abortus infection in aborting ewes and goats in Eastern Turkey . Rev Med Vet. 2013 ; 164 ( 6 ): 295 – 301 . Search in Google Scholar

Li Z, Cao X, Fu B, Chao Y, Cai J, Zhou J. Identification and characterization of Chlamydia abortus isolates from yaks in Qinghai, China. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:658519. Li Z Cao X Fu B Chao Y Cai J Zhou J. Identification and characterization of Chlamydia abortus isolates from yaks in Qinghai, China . Biomed Res Int. 2015 ; 2015 : 658519 . Search in Google Scholar

Longbottom D, Coulter LJ. Animal chlamydioses and zoonotic implications. J Comp Pathol. 2003 May;128(4):217–244. https://doi.org/10.1053/jcpa.2002.0629 Longbottom D Coulter LJ. Animal chlamydioses and zoonotic implications . J Comp Pathol. 2003 May ; 128 ( 4 ): 217 – 244 . https://doi.org/10.1053/jcpa.2002.0629 10.1053/jcpa.2002.062912834606 Search in Google Scholar

Longbottom D, Psarrou E, Livingstone M, Vretou E. Diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion using an indirect ELISA (rOMP91B iELISA) based on a recombinant protein fragment of the polymorphic outer membrane protein POMP91B of Chlamydophila abortus. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001 Feb;195(2):157–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10514.x Longbottom D Psarrou E Livingstone M Vretou E. Diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion using an indirect ELISA (rOMP91B iELISA) based on a recombinant protein fragment of the polymorphic outer membrane protein POMP91B of Chlamydophila abortus . FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001 Feb ; 195 ( 2 ): 157 – 161 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10514.x 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10514.x11179645 Search in Google Scholar

Madico G, Quinn TC, Boman J, Gaydos CA. Touchdown enzyme time release-PCR for detection and identification of Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. psittaci using the 16S and 16S-23S spacer rRNA genes. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(3):1085–1093. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.38.3.1085-1093.2000 Madico G Quinn TC Boman J Gaydos CA. Touchdown enzyme time release-PCR for detection and identification of Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. psittaci using the 16S and 16S-23S spacer rRNA genes . J Clin Microbiol. 2000 ; 38 ( 3 ): 1085 – 1093 . https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.38.3.1085-1093.2000 10.1128/JCM.38.3.1085-1093.2000 Search in Google Scholar

McCauley LME, Lancaster MJ, Young P, Butler KL, Ainsworth CGV. Comparison of ELISA and CFT assays for Chlamydophila abortus antibodies in ovine sera. Aust Vet J. 2007 Aug;85(8):325–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00189.x McCauley LME Lancaster MJ Young P Butler KL Ainsworth CGV. Comparison of ELISA and CFT assays for Chlamydophila abortus antibodies in ovine sera . Aust Vet J. 2007 Aug ; 85 ( 8 ): 325 – 328 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00189.x 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00189.x Search in Google Scholar

Mukherjee F, Jain J, Patel V, Nair M. Multiple genus-specific markers in PCR assays improve the specificity and sensitivity of diagnosis of brucellosis in field animals. J Med Microbiol. 2007 Oct 01;56(10):1309–1316. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47160-0 Mukherjee F Jain J Patel V Nair M. Multiple genus-specific markers in PCR assays improve the specificity and sensitivity of diagnosis of brucellosis in field animals . J Med Microbiol. 2007 Oct 01 ; 56 ( 10 ): 1309 – 1316 . https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47160-0 10.1099/jmm.0.47160-0 Search in Google Scholar

Nietfeld JC. Chlamydial infections in small ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2001 Jul;17(2):301–314, vi. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30030-X Nietfeld JC. Chlamydial infections in small ruminants . Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2001 Jul ; 17 ( 2 ): 301 – 314 , vi. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30030-X 10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30030-X Search in Google Scholar

Pospischil A, Thoma R, Hilbe M, Grest P, Gebbers JO. Abortion in woman caused by caprine Chlamydophila abortus (Chlamydia psittaci serovar 1). Swiss Med Wkly. 2002 Feb 9;132(5–6):64–66. Pospischil A Thoma R Hilbe M Grest P Gebbers JO. Abortion in woman caused by caprine Chlamydophila abortus (Chlamydia psittaci serovar 1) . Swiss Med Wkly. 2002 Feb 9 ; 132 ( 5–6 ): 64 – 66 . 10.1024/0036-7281.144.9.46312677684 Search in Google Scholar

Read TD, Joseph SJ, Didelot X, Liang B, Patel L, Dean D. Comparative analysis of Chlamydia psittaci genomes reveals the recent emergence of a pathogenic lineage with a broad host range. MBio. 2013 May 01;4(2):e00604-12. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00604-12 Read TD Joseph SJ Didelot X Liang B Patel L Dean D. Comparative analysis of Chlamydia psittaci genomes reveals the recent emergence of a pathogenic lineage with a broad host range . MBio. 2013 May 01 ; 4 ( 2 ): e00604 - 12 . https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00604-12 10.1128/mBio.00604-12362292223532978 Search in Google Scholar

Rodolakis A, Mohamad KY. Zoonotic potential of Chlamydophila. Vet Microbiol. 2010 Jan;140(3–4):382–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.014 Rodolakis A Mohamad KY. Zoonotic potential of Chlamydophila . Vet Microbiol. 2010 Jan ; 140 ( 3–4 ): 382 – 391 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.014 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.01419345022 Search in Google Scholar

Sachse K, Vretou E, Livingstone M, Borel N, Pospischil A, Longbottom D. Recent developments in the laboratory diagnosis of chlamydial infections. Vet Microbiol. 2009 Mar;135(1–2):2–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.040 Sachse K Vretou E Livingstone M Borel N Pospischil A Longbottom D. Recent developments in the laboratory diagnosis of chlamydial infections . Vet Microbiol. 2009 Mar ; 135 ( 1–2 ): 2 – 21 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.040 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.04018986778 Search in Google Scholar

Seth-Smith HMB, Busó LS, Livingstone M, Sait M, Harris SR, Aitchison KD, Vretou E, Siarkou VI, Laroucau K, Sachse K, et al. European Chlamydia abortus livestock isolate genomes reveal unusual stability and limited diversity, reflected in geographical signatures. BMC Genomics. 2017 Dec;18(1):344. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-3657-y Seth-Smith HMB Busó LS Livingstone M Sait M Harris SR Aitchison KD Vretou E Siarkou VI Laroucau K Sachse K , European Chlamydia abortus livestock isolate genomes reveal unusual stability and limited diversity, reflected in geographical signatures . BMC Genomics. 2017 Dec ; 18 ( 1 ): 344 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-3657-y 10.1186/s12864-017-3657-y541595228472926 Search in Google Scholar

Silva FG, Freitas JC, Müller EE. Chlamydophila abortus in production animals. Cienc Rural. 2006;36(1):342–348. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006000100057 Silva FG Freitas JC Müller EE. Chlamydophila abortus in production animals . Cienc Rural. 2006 ; 36 ( 1 ): 342 – 348 . https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782006000100057 10.1590/S0103-84782006000100057 Search in Google Scholar

Soomro S, Murray R, Woldehiwet Z, Soomro N. Comparisons of polymerase chain reaction and isolation in cell culture and embryonated hen’s eggs for the detection of Chlamydophila abortus in aborted ovine/caprine placenta. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2012;2:32–39. Soomro S Murray R Woldehiwet Z Soomro N. Comparisons of polymerase chain reaction and isolation in cell culture and embryonated hen’s eggs for the detection of Chlamydophila abortus in aborted ovine/caprine placenta . J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2012 ; 2 : 32 – 39 . Search in Google Scholar

Spičic S, Račić Ivana, Andrijanić M, Duvnjak S, Zdelar-Tuk M, Stepanić M, Cvetnić Z. Emerging cases of chlamydial abortion in sheep and goats in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2015 May-Jun;128(5–6):183–187. Spičic S Račić Ivana Andrijanić M Duvnjak S Zdelar-Tuk M Stepanić M Cvetnić Z. Emerging cases of chlamydial abortion in sheep and goats in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2015 May-Jun ; 128 ( 5–6 ): 183 – 187 . Search in Google Scholar

Szymanska-Czerwinska M, Niemczuk K, Galinska EM. Serological and nested PCR survey to determine the occurrence of chlamydia infections in the Polish cattle population. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013;20(4):682–686. Szymanska-Czerwinska M Niemczuk K Galinska EM. Serological and nested PCR survey to determine the occurrence of chlamydia infections in the Polish cattle population . Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013 ; 20 ( 4 ): 682 – 686 . Search in Google Scholar

Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. 1994. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Nov 11;22(22): 4673–4680. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673 Thompson JD Higgins DG Gibson TJ. 1994. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice . Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Nov 11 ; 22 ( 22 ): 4673 – 4680 . https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673 10.1093/nar/22.22.46733085177984417 Search in Google Scholar

Türütoğlu H, Iyisan A, Öztürk M, Gülyaz V. Abortions related to Chlamydia psittaci and Salmonella abortus ovis in a sheep farm. Pendik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg. 2000;31(2):5–17. Türütoğlu H Iyisan A Öztürk M Gülyaz V. Abortions related to Chlamydia psittaci and Salmonella abortus ovis in a sheep farm . Pendik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg. 2000 ; 31 ( 2 ): 5 – 17 . Search in Google Scholar

Walder G, Hotzel H, Brezinka C, Gritsch W, Tauber R, Würzner R, Ploner F. An unusual cause of sepsis during pregnancy: recognizing infection with Chlamydophila abortus. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Nov;106(5, Part 2):1215–1217. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000161060.69470.9c Walder G Hotzel H Brezinka C Gritsch W Tauber R Würzner R Ploner F. An unusual cause of sepsis during pregnancy: recognizing infection with Chlamydophila abortus . Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Nov ; 106 ( 5, Part 2 ): 1215 – 1217 . https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000161060.69470.9c 10.1097/01.AOG.0000161060.69470.9c16260577 Search in Google Scholar

Walder G, Meusburger H, Hotzel H, Oehme A, Neunteufel W, Dierich MP, Würzner R. Chlamydophila abortus pelvic inflammatory disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Dec;9(12):1642–1644. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0912.020566 Walder G Meusburger H Hotzel H Oehme A Neunteufel W Dierich MP Würzner R. Chlamydophila abortus pelvic inflammatory disease . Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Dec ; 9 ( 12 ): 1642 – 1644 . https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0912.020566 10.3201/eid0912.020566303433414720414 Search in Google Scholar