Optimisation of a Nacelle Electro-Thermal Ice Protection System for Icing Wind Tunnel Testing

Gallia, Mariachiara; Carnemolla, Alessandro; Premazzi, Marco; Guardone, Alberto

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Optimisation of a Nacelle Electro-Thermal Ice Protection System for Icing Wind Tunnel Testing

Mariachiara Gallia

Gallia, Mariachiara

,

Alessandro Carnemolla

Carnemolla, Alessandro

,

e

17 mar 2023

Transactions on Aerospace Research

Volume 2023 (2023): Numero 1 (Marzo 2023)

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Pubblicato online: 17 mar 2023

Pagine: 32 - 44

Ricevuto: 11 apr 2022

Accettato: 12 dic 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/tar-2023-0004

Parole chiave
in-flight icing, ice protection systems, optimisation, genetic algorithms, nacelle

© 2023 Mariachiara Gallia et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Contributions to energy conservation in a finite volume [16].

Schematic representation of the ETIPS of the nacelle. ETIPS, electro-thermal ice protection systems.

Schematic view of the heater layers [11].

Convergence history over the number of generations for no ice constraint runs.

Result comparison for the best designs for each constraint. (a) runback water; (b) heat fluxes; (c) ice accretion rate; (d) surface temperature. s/c < 0 represents the outboard, s/c > 0 the inboard.

Penalty for each constraint_

Constraint	Description	Penalty ice	Penalty temp.
${\dot{m}}_{i c e}^{''} = 0$	No ice	$2.26 \cdot 10^{7} \sqrt{\sum_{j = 1}^{N} {\dot{m}}_{i c e_{i n b}} (s_{j})}$	-
T ε [T_min, T_max]	Temp.	-	$2.26 \cdot 10^{7} \sqrt{\| 1 - \frac{T_{surf} (s_{j})}{T_{min / max}} \|}$
$\begin{aligned} {\dot{m}}_{i c e}^{''} = 0 \\ T \leq T_{max} \end{aligned}$	No ice & temp.	$4.52 \cdot 10^{7} \sqrt{\sum_{j = 1}^{N} {\dot{m}}_{i c e_{i n b}} (s_{j})}$	$1 \cdot 10^{5} \sqrt{\sum_{j = r}^{R} \| 1 - \frac{T_{surf} (s_{j})}{T_{max}} \|}$
B ≤ B_maxT ≤ T_max	Ice & temp.	$4.52 \cdot 10^{7} \sqrt{\| \frac{\sum_{j = 1}^{N} {\dot{m}}_{i c e_{i n b}} (s_{j}) Δ t l_{s p a n}}{ρ_{i c e} a b} - B_{\max} \|}$	$1 \cdot 10^{5} \sqrt{\sum_{j = r}^{R} \| 1 - \frac{T_{surf} (s_{j})}{T_{max}} \|}$

IWT parameters used for the design of the IPS_

	IWT parameters
α [°]	1.70
$u_{\infty} [\frac{m}{s}]$	67.48
T_∞[K]	259.95
$ρ [\frac{K g}{m^{3}}]$	1.2886
P_∞[Pa]	101,325
MVD [μm]	28.0
$L W C [\frac{g}{m^{3}}]$	0.583
Δt[s]	594

Power consumption comparison_

IPS (constraint)	Thermopneumatic	ETIPS (no ice)	ETIPS (temp)	ETIPS (no ice/temp)	ETIPS (ice/temp)
Lip surf. (m2)	0.14	0.19	0.19	0.19	0.19
${\dot{q}}_{I P S}^{''} (k W / m^{2})$	10	13.02	6.53	13.60	5.97
${\dot{q}}_{I P S} (k W)$	1.4	2.47	1.24	2.58	1.13

Heating element layers with material properties [4]_

Material	$k [\frac{W}{m K}]$	$ρ [\frac{K g}{m^{3}}]$	$c_{p} [\frac{J}{K g K}]$
Heating element (Alloy 90)	41.02	8,906.26	385.19
Erosion shield (SS 301 HH)	16.27	8,025.25	502.42
Elastomer (Cox 4300)	0.256	1,384	1,256.04 ± 125.6
Fibreglass/epoxy composite	0.294	1,794.07	1,570.05
Silicone foam insulation	0.121	648.25	1,130.44 ± 125

Best design for each constraint_

Constraint	$\frac{P_{min}}{l_{span}} [W / m]$	$\frac{m_{i c e, i n b}}{l_{span}} [g / m]$	$\frac{m_{ice, out}}{l_{span}} [g / m]$	Tmax [K]	Tmin [K]	GA
No ice	3305.65	0	320.77	326.11	266.75	CM-GA
Temp.	1657.74	328.29	306.50	287.57	280.18	C-GA
No ice & temp.	3452.95	0	316.59	325.05	275.74	M-GA
Ice & temp.	1517.02	323.72	319.57	294.14	273.21	CM-GA

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Optimisation of a Nacelle Electro-Thermal Ice Protection System for Icing Wind Tunnel Testing

Pubblicato online: 17 mar 2023

Pagine: 32 - 44

Ricevuto: 11 apr 2022

Accettato: 12 dic 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/tar-2023-0004

Parole chiave
in-flight icing, ice protection systems, optimisation, genetic algorithms, nacelle

© 2023 Mariachiara Gallia et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Penalty for each constraint_

IWT parameters used for the design of the IPS_

Power consumption comparison_

Heating element layers with material properties [4]_

Best design for each constraint_

Optimisation of a Nacelle Electro-Thermal Ice Protection System for Icing Wind Tunnel Testing

Mariachiara Gallia

Alessandro Carnemolla

Marco Premazzi

Alberto Guardone

Pubblicato online: 17 mar 2023

Pagine: 32 - 44

Ricevuto: 11 apr 2022

Accettato: 12 dic 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/tar-2023-0004

Parole chiavein-flight icing, ice protection systems, optimisation, genetic algorithms, nacelle

© 2023 Mariachiara Gallia et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Penalty for each constraint_

IWT parameters used for the design of the IPS_

Power consumption comparison_

Heating element layers with material properties [4]_

Best design for each constraint_

Parole chiave
in-flight icing, ice protection systems, optimisation, genetic algorithms, nacelle