Optimisation of a Nacelle Electro-Thermal Ice Protection System for Icing Wind Tunnel Testing

Mariachiara Gallia; Alessandro Carnemolla; Marco Premazzi; Alberto Guardone

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Optimisation of a Nacelle Electro-Thermal Ice Protection System for Icing Wind Tunnel Testing

Mariachiara Gallia

Alessandro Carnemolla

Marco Premazzi

Alberto Guardone

| 17 mars 2023

Transactions on Aerospace Research

Édition 2023 (2023): Edition 1 (March 2023)

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Publié en ligne: 17 mars 2023

Pages: 32 - 44

Reçu: 11 avr. 2022

Accepté: 12 déc. 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/tar-2023-0004

Mots clés
in-flight icing, ice protection systems, optimisation, genetic algorithms, nacelle

© 2023 Mariachiara Gallia et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Contributions to energy conservation in a finite volume [16].

Schematic representation of the ETIPS of the nacelle. ETIPS, electro-thermal ice protection systems.

Schematic view of the heater layers [11].

Convergence history over the number of generations for no ice constraint runs.

Result comparison for the best designs for each constraint. (a) runback water; (b) heat fluxes; (c) ice accretion rate; (d) surface temperature. s/c < 0 represents the outboard, s/c > 0 the inboard.

Penalty for each constraint.

Constraint	Description	Penalty ice	Penalty temp.
${\dot{m}}_{i c e}^{''} = 0$	No ice	$2.26 \cdot 10^{7} \sqrt{\sum_{j = 1}^{N} {\dot{m}}_{i c e_{i n b}} (s_{j})}$	-
T ε [T_min, T_max]	Temp.	-	$2.26 \cdot 10^{7} \sqrt{\| 1 - \frac{T_{surf} (s_{j})}{T_{min / max}} \|}$
$\begin{aligned} {\dot{m}}_{i c e}^{''} = 0 \\ T \leq T_{max} \end{aligned}$	No ice & temp.	$4.52 \cdot 10^{7} \sqrt{\sum_{j = 1}^{N} {\dot{m}}_{i c e_{i n b}} (s_{j})}$	$1 \cdot 10^{5} \sqrt{\sum_{j = r}^{R} \| 1 - \frac{T_{surf} (s_{j})}{T_{max}} \|}$
B ≤ B_maxT ≤ T_max	Ice & temp.	$4.52 \cdot 10^{7} \sqrt{\| \frac{\sum_{j = 1}^{N} {\dot{m}}_{i c e_{i n b}} (s_{j}) Δ t l_{s p a n}}{ρ_{i c e} a b} - B_{\max} \|}$	$1 \cdot 10^{5} \sqrt{\sum_{j = r}^{R} \| 1 - \frac{T_{surf} (s_{j})}{T_{max}} \|}$

IWT parameters used for the design of the IPS.

	IWT parameters
α [°]	1.70
$u_{\infty} [\frac{m}{s}]$	67.48
T_∞[K]	259.95
$ρ [\frac{K g}{m^{3}}]$	1.2886
P_∞[Pa]	101,325
MVD [μm]	28.0
$L W C [\frac{g}{m^{3}}]$	0.583
Δt[s]	594

Power consumption comparison.

IPS (constraint)	Thermopneumatic	ETIPS (no ice)	ETIPS (temp)	ETIPS (no ice/temp)	ETIPS (ice/temp)
Lip surf. (m2)	0.14	0.19	0.19	0.19	0.19
${\dot{q}}_{I P S}^{''} (k W / m^{2})$	10	13.02	6.53	13.60	5.97
${\dot{q}}_{I P S} (k W)$	1.4	2.47	1.24	2.58	1.13

Heating element layers with material properties [4].

Material	$k [\frac{W}{m K}]$	$ρ [\frac{K g}{m^{3}}]$	$c_{p} [\frac{J}{K g K}]$
Heating element (Alloy 90)	41.02	8,906.26	385.19
Erosion shield (SS 301 HH)	16.27	8,025.25	502.42
Elastomer (Cox 4300)	0.256	1,384	1,256.04 ± 125.6
Fibreglass/epoxy composite	0.294	1,794.07	1,570.05
Silicone foam insulation	0.121	648.25	1,130.44 ± 125

Best design for each constraint.

Constraint	$\frac{P_{min}}{l_{span}} [W / m]$	$\frac{m_{i c e, i n b}}{l_{span}} [g / m]$	$\frac{m_{ice, out}}{l_{span}} [g / m]$	Tmax [K]	Tmin [K]	GA
No ice	3305.65	0	320.77	326.11	266.75	CM-GA
Temp.	1657.74	328.29	306.50	287.57	280.18	C-GA
No ice & temp.	3452.95	0	316.59	325.05	275.74	M-GA
Ice & temp.	1517.02	323.72	319.57	294.14	273.21	CM-GA

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Optimisation of a Nacelle Electro-Thermal Ice Protection System for Icing Wind Tunnel Testing

Publié en ligne: 17 mars 2023

Pages: 32 - 44

Reçu: 11 avr. 2022

Accepté: 12 déc. 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/tar-2023-0004

Mots clés
in-flight icing, ice protection systems, optimisation, genetic algorithms, nacelle

© 2023 Mariachiara Gallia et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Penalty for each constraint.

IWT parameters used for the design of the IPS.

Power consumption comparison.

Heating element layers with material properties [4].

Best design for each constraint.

Optimisation of a Nacelle Electro-Thermal Ice Protection System for Icing Wind Tunnel Testing

Publié en ligne: 17 mars 2023

Pages: 32 - 44

Reçu: 11 avr. 2022

Accepté: 12 déc. 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/tar-2023-0004

Mots clésin-flight icing, ice protection systems, optimisation, genetic algorithms, nacelle

© 2023 Mariachiara Gallia et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Penalty for each constraint.

IWT parameters used for the design of the IPS.

Power consumption comparison.

Heating element layers with material properties [4].

Best design for each constraint.

Mots clés
in-flight icing, ice protection systems, optimisation, genetic algorithms, nacelle