Helminth community structure study on urban and forest blackbird (Turdus merula L.) populations in relation to seasonal bird migration on the south Baltic Sea coast (NW Poland)

[1] Bauer, H. G., Bezzel, E., Fiedler, W. (Eds) (2005): Das Kompendium der Vögel Mitteleuropas: alles über Biologie, Gefährdung und Schutz. Nonpasseriformes-Nichtsperlingsvögel. Wiebelsheim: Aula-Verlag, 337 pp. Search in Google Scholar

[2] Binder, N. (1971): Beiträge zur Morphologie, Invasionsdynamic und Entwicklung der Helminthen der Amsel (Turdus merula L.). Zool. Beitr., 17: 83–150 Search in Google Scholar

[3] Bentz, S., Rigaud, T., Barroca, M., Martin-Laurent F., Bru D., Moreau, J., Faivre, B. (2006): Sensitive measure of prevalence and parasitaemia of haemosporidia from European blackbird (Turdus merula) populations: value of PCR-RFLP and quantitative PCR. Parasitology, 133: 685–692. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182006001090 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003118200600109010.1017/S0031182006001090Search in Google Scholar

[4] Bogdarenko, F. L., Galina, Z. A. (1978): [Fauna of trematodes of the thrush family (Turdidae) in Tadzhikistan]. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR. Otdelenie Biologicheskikh Nauk, (3): 15–21. (In Russian) Search in Google Scholar

[5] Bush, A. O. (1990): Helminth communities in avian hosts: determinants of a pattern. In: Esch, E. G., Bush, A. O., Aho, J. M. (Eds) Parasite communities: patterns and processes. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 197–232 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0837-6_810.1007/978-94-009-0837-6_8Search in Google Scholar

[6] Bush, A. O., Lafferty, K. D., Lotz, J. M., Shostak, A. W. (1997): Parasitology meets ecology on its terms: Margolis et al. revisited. J. Parasitol., 83(4): 575–583. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/328422710.2307/3284227Search in Google Scholar

[7] Calegaro-marques, C., Amato, S. B. (2010): Parasites as secret files of the trophic interactions of hosts: the case of the rufous-bellied thrush. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 81(3): 801–811 Search in Google Scholar

[8] Czapliński, B., Sulgostowska, T., Czaplińska, D. (1992): Catalogus faunae parasiticae poloniae. Parasiti avium. Cestoda. In: Katalog Fauny Pasozytniczej Polski. Volume 4(2A): 1–185. (In Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[9] Dzika, E. (2003): Parasites (Metazoa) of the common roach Rutilus rutilus (L.) in lakes of the Masurian Lake District as a quality indicator of an aquatic environment. Olsztyn, Poland: Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski, 81 pp. (In Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[10] Dogiel, V. A. (1962): [General parasitology]. Leningrad: Izdatelstvo Leningradskogo Universiteta, 464 pp. (In Russian) Search in Google Scholar

[11] Dytham, C. (2011): Choosing and Using Statistics; A Biologist’s Guide. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 298 pp. Search in Google Scholar

[12] Folstad, I., Karter, A. J. (1992): Parasites, bright males, and the immunocompetence handicap. Am. Nat. 139: 603–622 http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/28534610.1086/285346Search in Google Scholar

[13] Geue, D., Partecke, J. (2008): Reduced parasite infestation in urban Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula): a factor favoring urbanization? Can. J. Zool., 86(12): 1419–1425. DOI: 10.1139/Z08-129 http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/Z08-12910.1139/Z08-129Search in Google Scholar

[14] Gibson, D. I., Jones, A., Bray, R. A. (Eds) (2002): Keys to the Trematoda Volume 1, London: CABI Publishing, 521 pp. 10.1079/9780851995472.0000Search in Google Scholar

[15] Glutz Von Blotzheim, U. N., Bauer, K. M. (1988): Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas. Band 11. Wiesbaden: Aula-Verlag, 1226 pp. Search in Google Scholar

[16] Graczyk, R. (1961): [Studies on the variability, biology and economic significance of the blackbird (Turdus merula L.)] Ekol. Pol. A, IX, 23: 453–485 (In Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[17] Hanak, F., Vojtek, J. (1973). Zur Kenntis der Helminthenfauna der kleinen Vögel von Mniši Hora (Brno-Bystrc). Folia Scientarium Naturalium Universitatis Purkyniae Brunensis 14, Biologia, 45–60 (In Czech with German summary) Search in Google Scholar

[18] Hatchwell, B. J., Wood, M. J., Anwar, M., Perrins, C. M. (2000): The prevalence and ecology of the haema-tozoan parasites of European blackbirds, Turdus merula. Can. J. Zool., 78: 684–687. DOI: 10.1139/z99-228 http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-78-4-68410.1139/z99-228Search in Google Scholar

[19] Hromada, M., Dudiňák, V., Yosef, R. (2000): An inside perspective of the true shrikes — a revive of the helminthofauna, Ring 22,1: 185–204. Retrieved from: http://www.wbwp-fund.eu/ring/ Search in Google Scholar

[20] Iskova, N. I. (1979): [Data on trematode fauna of Turdidae of the Ukraine]. Vestnik Zoologii (3): 25–32 Search in Google Scholar

[21] Iskova, N. I., Sharpilo, V. P., Sharpilo, L. D., Tkach, V. V. (1995): [Catalogue of helminths of vertebrates in the Ukraine. Trematodes of terrestrial vertebrates], Kiev, 93 pp. (In Russian) Search in Google Scholar

[22] Isomursu, M. O., Rätti, P. H., Hollmén, T. (2006): Sex and age influence intestinal parasite burden in three boreal grouse species. J. Avian Biol., 37: 516–522. DOI: 10.1111/j.2006.0908-8857.03838.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0908-8857.03838.x10.1111/j.2006.0908-8857.03838.xSearch in Google Scholar

[23] de Jong, Y. S. D. M. (Eds). (2013): Fauna Europaea version 2.6. Web Service available online at http://www.faunaeur.org Search in Google Scholar

[24] Jones, A, Bray, R. A., Gibson, D. I. (Eds) (2005): Keys to the Trematoda Volume 2, London: CABI Publishing & Natural History Museum, 745 pp. 10.1079/9780851995878.0000Search in Google Scholar

[25] Korodi-gal, J. (1967): Beiträge zur Kenntins der Brutbiologie der Amsel (Turdus merula L.) und zur Ernährungsdynamik ihrer Jungen. Zoologische Abhandlungen. Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden, 29: 25–53 Search in Google Scholar

[26] Machalska, J. (1974): Psilotornus confertus sp. n. (Trematoda, Psilostomatidae), a parasite of birds of the genus Turdus L., Acta Parasitol. Pol., 22(15): 171–178 Search in Google Scholar

[27] Machalska, J. (1978) The morphological variability and taxonomic status of Urogonimus macrostomus (Rudolphi, 1803) (Trematoda, Leucochloridiidae), Acta Parasitol. Pol., 26(1): 1–9 Search in Google Scholar

[28] Machalska, J. (1980a): Helmint fauna of birds of the genus Turdus examined during their spring and autumn migration. I. Digenea, Acta Parasitol. Pol., 27(18): 153–172 Search in Google Scholar

[29] Machalska, J. (1980b): Cyclocoelum polonicum sp. n. (Trematoda, Cyclocoelidae) from the thrushes Turdus philomelos Br. and T. merula L., Acta Parasitol. Pol., 26(14): 129–136 Search in Google Scholar

[30] Machalska, J. (1981): Helminth fauna of birds of the genus Turdus examined during their spring and autumn migration. II. Acanthocephalans, Acta Parasitol. Pol., 28(17): 171–177 Search in Google Scholar

[31] Machalska, J., Okulewicz, A. (1984): Helminth fauna of birds of the genus Turdus L. examined during their spring and autumn migration. III. Nematoda, Acta Parasitol. Pol., 29(37): 343–351 Search in Google Scholar

[32] Magurran, A. E. (2004): Measuring biological diversity. Oxford: Blackwell, 256 pp. Search in Google Scholar

[33] Margolis, D. J., Cone, D. K. (1997): Food webs: a plea for parasites. Trends Ecol. Evol., 12: 320–325. DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5347(97)89919-3 10.1016/S0169-5347(97)89919-3Search in Google Scholar

[34] Misof, K. (2005): Eurasian Blackbirds (Turdus merula) and their gastrointestinal parasites. A role for parasites in lifehistory decisions? Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultat der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn. Retrieved from: http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2005/0661/0661.htm Search in Google Scholar

[35] Niewiadomska, K., Pojmańska, T. (2004): [Parasitic organisms: why their occurrence should be monitored]. Biuletyn Monitoringu Przyrody 1/2004(5): 43–51 (In Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[36] Okulewicz, A. (1979a): [Nematoda of blackbird (Turdus merula L.) and mavis (Turdus philomelos Br.) from the Wrocław region. I. Faunistic studies]. Wiad. Parazytol., 25(3): 468–486. PMID:524890. (In Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[37] Okulewicz, A. (1979b): [Nematoda of blackbird (Turdus merula L.) and mavis (Turdus philomelos Br.) from the Wroclaw district. II. Ecological study]. Wiad. Parazytol., 25(4): 468–486. PMID 516737. (In Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[38] Okulewicz, A. (1979c): [Physaloptera (Pseudophysaloptera) sorcina (Baylis, 1934) in a blackbird (Turdus merula L.)] Wiad. Parazytol., 25(4): 487–489. PMID 574688. (In Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[39] Okulewicz, A. (1981): [Ornithofilaria mavis (Leiper, 1909) Gönnert, 1937 in blackbird (Turdus merula L.) in Poland]. Wiad. Parazytol., 27(4/5): 669–671. PMID: 7336749. (In Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[40] Okulewicz, A. (1997): Catalogus faunae parasiticae poloniae. Parasiti avium. Nematoda. In: Katalog Fauny Pasozytniczej Polski. Cz. 4. Z. 2B. Warszawa: Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne, pp. 1–147. (in Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[41] Okulewicz, A., Okulewicz, J., Hildebrand, J., Zaleśny, G. (2007): New data on straggled eyeworm Oxyspirura chabaudi (Baruš, 1965) (Nematoda, Thelaziidae) in Europe. Acta Parasitol., 52(3): 292–294. DOI: 10.2478/s11686-007-0039-7 http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-007-0039-710.2478/s11686-007-0039-7Search in Google Scholar

[42] Okulewicz, A., Okulewicz, J., Sitko, J., Wesołowska, M. (2010): New records of digenean flukes (Trematoda) in birds in Poland, Wiad Parazytol 56(1): 67–70 Search in Google Scholar

[43] Okulewicz, A., Sitko, J. (2012): Parasitic helminthes — a probable cause of death of birds, Helminthologia, 49(4): 241–246. DOI: 10.2478/s11687-012-0045-7 http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-012-0045-710.2478/s11687-012-0045-7Search in Google Scholar

[44] Okulewicz, J. (1982): [Trematoda of birds of Lower Silesia. I. Euamphimerus pancreaticus Baer, 1960 (Opisthorchiidae, Trematoda) — new parasite of the blackbird (Turdus merula L.) in Poland and remarks with regard to the systematic position of other species of the genus Euamphimerus Yamaguti, 1941]. Wiad Parazytol 28(3/4): 465–475. PMID: 7183016 (In Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[45] Okulewicz, J. (1991): Ptilolepis philomelae sp. n. (Cyclophyllidea, Dilepididae) — a new parasite of Turdus philomelos Brem. Acta Parasitol. Pol., 36: 75–78 Search in Google Scholar

[46] Okulewicz, J. (1992): [Trematodes of birds from Lower Silesia III. Urotocus rossitensis (Mehling, 1898) — new for Poland species of trematode parasitism in passeriform birds]. Wiad. Parazytol., 37: 471–480. PMID:1844788. (In Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[47] Okulewicz, J. (1993): [Bird trematodes of lower Silesia. IV. Specimens from the genus Mosesia (Pleurogenidae, Trematoda) — new element of parasitic-fauna passeriform birds from lower Silesia]. Wiad. Parazytol., 39: 39–47. PMID:8346659. (In Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[48] Okulewicz, J., Wesołowska, M. (2000): The occurrence of Dilepis undula (Schrank, 1788) (Cestoda) in Turdus merula and Turdus philomelos. Acta Parasitol., 45(3): 162 Search in Google Scholar

[49] Okulewicz, J, Wesołowska, M. (2003): Rediscovery of Leyogonimus postgonoporus (Neiland, 1951) (Trematoda, Stomylotrematidae) in Central Europe. Acta Parasitol., 48: 233–236 Search in Google Scholar

[50] Pojmańska, T. (1969): Leucochloridium perturbatum sp. n. (Trematoda, Brachylaimidae), morphology, individual variability and life cycle. Acta Parasitol., 16: 153–178 Search in Google Scholar

[51] Pojmańska, T., Niewiadomska, K., Okulewicz, A. (2007): Parasitic helminths of Poland. Species, hosts, uncharted territories. Warszawa: Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne, 360 pp. (In Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[52] Poulin, R. (1996): Sexual inequalities in helminth infections: a cost of being a male? American Naturalist 147: 287–295. DOI: 10.1086/285851 http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/28585110.1086/285851Search in Google Scholar

[53] Roberts, M. L., Buchanan, K. L., Evans, M. R. (2004): Testing the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis: a review of the evidence. Anim. Behav. 68: 227–239 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.05.00110.1016/j.anbehav.2004.05.001Search in Google Scholar

[54] Robinson, S. A., Forbes, M. R., Hebert, C. E., Mclaughlin, J. D. (2008): Male-biased parasitism by common helminthes is not explained by sex differences in body size or spleen mass of breeding cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus. J. Avian Biol., 39: 272–276. DOI: 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04340.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04340.x10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04340.xSearch in Google Scholar

[55] Rutkowska, M. A. (1973): Studies on the helminth fauna of the Corvidae in Poland. Acta Parasitol. Pol., 21: 183–237 Search in Google Scholar

[56] Ryšavý, B. (1955): [Fluke (Trematoda) in Turdus merula L. in surroundings of Prague]. Zool. entomol. listy, 4: 271–274 (In Czech) Search in Google Scholar

[57] Ryšavý, B. (1958): [On some interesting trematodes of synanthropic birds in the surroundings of Prague]. Živa 6: 108–109 (In Czech) Search in Google Scholar

[58] Ryšavý, B., Baruš, V. (1964): Saissondynamik der Invasion von Dilepis undula Schrank, 1788 (Cestoidea: Dilepididae) und Porrocaecum ensicaudatum Zeder, 1800 (Nematoda, Anisakidae) in Amseln (Turdus merula L.) in der Tschechoslowakei. Čsl. Parazitol., 11: 225–232 Search in Google Scholar

[59] Rząd, I., Sitko, J., Wysocki, D., Stępniewski, K. (2011): Digenean trematodes from six species of birds (Passeriformes, Piciformes and Strigiformes) from north-western Poland. Wiad. Parazytol., 57: 271–276 Search in Google Scholar

[60] Salamatin R. V. (2000): [Cyclophillidean cestodes of the family Dilepididae from terrestrial birds in Ukraine]. Summary of PhD thesis. Kyiv, Ukraine: I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, 20 pp. (In Ukrainian) Search in Google Scholar

[61] Salamatin, R., Rząd, I., Wysocki, D. (2007): Spasspasskya dubinini and Monopylidium caenodex (Cestoda: Dilepididae): first record in Poland. Wiad. Parazytol., 53(suppl.): 33 Search in Google Scholar

[62] Salamatin, R.V., Karczewska, A., Wesołowska, M., Rząd, I. (2010): Cestodes of thrushes (Turdidae): new data for Poland. In: Hodová I., Koubková, B. (Eds) 18th Helminthological Days 2010, Brno: Masaryk University, p. 44 Search in Google Scholar

[63] Schalk, G., Forbes, M. R. (1997): Male biases in parasitism of mammals: effects of study type, host age, and parasite taxon. Oikos, 78: 67–74 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/354580110.2307/3545801Search in Google Scholar

[64] Schmidt, G. D. (1975): Sphaerirostris wertheimae sp. n., and other Acanthocephala from vertebrates of Israel. J Parasitol 61: 298–300 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/327900910.2307/3279009Search in Google Scholar

[65] Sitko, J., Okulewicz. J., Noga, L. (2000): Variability and systematic status of Lutztrema attenuatum (Dujardin, 1845) comb. n. (Trematoda, Dicrocoeliidae) parasitizing passerine birds. Helminthologia, 37: 79–111 Search in Google Scholar

[66] Sitko, J., Faltýnková, A., Scholz, T. (2006): Checklist of the Trematodes (Digenea) of Birds of the Czech and Slovak Republics, Praha, Academia, 112 pp. Search in Google Scholar

[67] Sitko, J., Zaleśny, G. (2014): The effect of urbanization on helminth communities in the Eurasian blackbird (Turdus merula L.) from the eastern part of the Czech Republic, J. Helminthol., 88(1):97–104. DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X12000818 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X1200081810.1017/S0022149X12000818Search in Google Scholar

[68] Sulgostowska, T. (1997): Catalogus faunae parasiticae poloniae. Parasiti avium. Acanthocephala. In: Katalog Fauny Pasozytniczej Polski. Cz. 4. Z. 1. Warszawa: Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne, pp. 1–29. (In Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[69] Sulgostowska, T., Czaplińska, D. (1987): Catalogus faunae parasiticae poloniae. Parasiti avium. Protozoa et Trematoda. In: Katalog Fauny Pasozytniczej Polski. Cz. 4. Z. 1. Warszawa: Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne, pp. 1–208. (In Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[70] Wysocki, D. (2002): Biometrical analysis of an urban population of the blackbird (Turdus merula) in Szczecin (NW Poland). Ring, 24: 69–76 http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v100-50-008-79-x10.2478/v100-50-008-79-xSearch in Google Scholar

[71] Zuk, M., Mckean, K. A. (1996): Sex differences in parasite infections: patterns and processes. Int. J. Parasitol., 26: 1009–1024 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(96)00086-010.1016/S0020-7519(96)00086-0Search in Google Scholar

[72] Zyskowski, D., Wysocki, D. (2011): Wintering strategies in urban blackbirds Turdus merula population in Szczecin during years 1997–2011. In: Indykiewicz P, Jerzak L, Bohner J, Kavanagh, B. (Eds). Urban fauna: studies of animal biology, ecology and conservation in european cities, Bydgoszcz, pp. 487–494 Search in Google Scholar