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Underwater noise in the Slovenian Sea

Andreja Popit

Andreja Popit

Institute for Water of the Republic of SloveniaLjubljana, Slovenia
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Popit, Andreja
  
29 apr 2021
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Categoria dell'articolo: Original Scientific Article
Pubblicato online: 29 apr 2021
Pagine: 161 - 175
Ricevuto: 08 mar 2021
Accettato: 09 mar 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rmzmag-2020-0018
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© 2021 Andreja Popit, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Location of the permanent underwater noise measurement station near Debeli Rtič in the Slovenian Sea (A) and a sketch of the lighthouse at Debeli Rtič on which the measuring equipment is installed showing the hydrophone at a depth of 4 m (sea depth at the location is 5 m) (B) [38].
Location of the permanent underwater noise measurement station near Debeli Rtič in the Slovenian Sea (A) and a sketch of the lighthouse at Debeli Rtič on which the measuring equipment is installed showing the hydrophone at a depth of 4 m (sea depth at the location is 5 m) (B) [38].

Figure 2

Diagram of the average hourly ship densities in the areas of 2 NM and 5 NM from the measuring station in the Gulf of Trieste and the Gulf of Venice in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) in the period from 12 February 2015 to 5 May 2015. NM, nautical miles.
Diagram of the average hourly ship densities in the areas of 2 NM and 5 NM from the measuring station in the Gulf of Trieste and the Gulf of Venice in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) in the period from 12 February 2015 to 5 May 2015. NM, nautical miles.

Figure 3

Diagram of the average hourly ship densities in the areas of 2 NM and 5 NM from the measuring station in the Gulf of Trieste and the Gulf of Venice in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) during the period from 26 September 2015 to 31 December 2015. The red arrow indicates the period from 26 September 2015 to 26 October 2015, when dredging activities were done in the Port of Koper. NM, nautical miles.
Diagram of the average hourly ship densities in the areas of 2 NM and 5 NM from the measuring station in the Gulf of Trieste and the Gulf of Venice in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) during the period from 26 September 2015 to 31 December 2015. The red arrow indicates the period from 26 September 2015 to 26 October 2015, when dredging activities were done in the Port of Koper. NM, nautical miles.

Figure 4

Diagram of the average hourly ship densities in the areas of 2 NM and 5 NM from the measuring station in the Gulf of Trieste and the Gulf of Venice in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) during the period from 18 August 2016 to 1 November 2016. The red arrows indicate the periods 18–31 August 2016 and 22–29 September 2016, during which cleaning of the channels in the Port of Koper was performed. NM, nautical miles.
Diagram of the average hourly ship densities in the areas of 2 NM and 5 NM from the measuring station in the Gulf of Trieste and the Gulf of Venice in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) during the period from 18 August 2016 to 1 November 2016. The red arrows indicate the periods 18–31 August 2016 and 22–29 September 2016, during which cleaning of the channels in the Port of Koper was performed. NM, nautical miles.

Figure 5

Diagram of the average hourly ship densities in the areas of 2 NM and 5 NM from the measuring station in the Gulf of Trieste and the Gulf of Venice in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) during the period from 6 July 2017 to 27 August 2017. NM, nautical miles.
Diagram of the average hourly ship densities in the areas of 2 NM and 5 NM from the measuring station in the Gulf of Trieste and the Gulf of Venice in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) during the period from 6 July 2017 to 27 August 2017. NM, nautical miles.

Figure 6

Diagram of the average hourly ship densities in the areas of 2 NM and 5 NM from the measuring station in the Gulf of Trieste and the Gulf of Venice in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) in the period from 18 August 2018 to 31 December 2018. NM, nautical miles.
Diagram of the average hourly ship densities in the areas of 2 NM and 5 NM from the measuring station in the Gulf of Trieste and the Gulf of Venice in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) in the period from 18 August 2018 to 31 December 2018. NM, nautical miles.

Figure 7

Diagram of the average hourly wind speeds (vv) and average hourly precipitation (hp) in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) during the period from 12 February 2015 to 5 May 2015.
Diagram of the average hourly wind speeds (vv) and average hourly precipitation (hp) in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) during the period from 12 February 2015 to 5 May 2015.

Figure 8

Diagram of the average hourly wind speeds (vv) and average hourly precipitation (hp) in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) in the period from 26 September 2015 to 31 December 2015.
Diagram of the average hourly wind speeds (vv) and average hourly precipitation (hp) in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) in the period from 26 September 2015 to 31 December 2015.

Figure 9

Diagram of the average hourly wind speeds (vv) and average hourly precipitation (hp) in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) in the period from 18 August 2016 to 1 November 2016.
Diagram of the average hourly wind speeds (vv) and average hourly precipitation (hp) in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) in the period from 18 August 2016 to 1 November 2016.

Figure 10

Diagram of the average hourly wind speeds (vv) and average hourly precipitation (hp) in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) in the period from 6 July 2017 to 27 August 2017.
Diagram of the average hourly wind speeds (vv) and average hourly precipitation (hp) in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) in the period from 6 July 2017 to 27 August 2017.

Figure 11

Diagram of the average hourly wind speeds (vv) and average hourly precipitation (hp) in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) in the period from 18 August 2018 to 31 December 2018.
Diagram of the average hourly wind speeds (vv) and average hourly precipitation (hp) in combination with the average hourly continuous underwater noise levels in 1/3-octave bands with centre frequencies of 63 Hz and 125 Hz (Leq) in the period from 18 August 2018 to 31 December 2018.

The results of AVE and STDEV calculations of Leq,63 Hz and Leq,125 Hz, in the periods with and without the anthropogenic activity

Type of the anthropogenic activity AVE & STDEV of Leq,63 Hz during the period of anthropogenic activity AVE & STDEV of Leq,63 Hz during the period without anthropogenic activity
Dredging 26.9.2015–26.10.2015 (7:00–21:00 h)Leq,63 Hz = 89.4 ± 16.9 dB re 1 μPaLeq,125 Hz = 88.6 ± 10.1 dB re 1 μPa 26.9.2015–26.10.2015 (22:00–6:00 hr)Leq,63 Hz = 79.5 ± 13.5 dB re 1 μPaLeq,125 Hz = 83.3 ± 7.2 dB re 1 μPa27.10.2015–31.12.2015 (00:00–24:00 hr)Leq,63 Hz = 78.5 ± 12.9 dB re 1 μPaLeq,125 Hz = 83.5 ± 7.0 dB re 1 μPa
Cleaning of the seafloor 18.8.2016–31.8.2016 (8:00–16:00)22.9.2016–29.9.2016 (8:00–16:00)Leq,63 Hz = 94.3 ± 12.3 dB re 1 μPaLeq,125 Hz = 90.6 ± 8.6 dB re 1 μPa 18.8.2016–31.8.2016 (17:00–7:00)22.9.2016–29.9.2016 (17:00–7:00)30.9.2016–1.11.2016 (00:00–24:00 hr)Leq,63 Hz = 101.4 ± 14.7 dB re 1 μPaLeq,125 Hz = 97.7 ± 12.5 dB re 1 μPa

Periods with and without the anthropogenic activity

Type of anthropogenic activity Periods with the anthropogenic activity Periods without any anthropogenic activity
Dredging 26.09.2015–26.10.2015 (7:00–21:00 h) 26.09.2015–26.10.2015 (22:00–6:00 h)
Cleaning of the seafloor 18.08.2016–31.08.2016 & 22.09.2016–29.09.2016 (8:00–16:00 h) 18.08.2016–31.08.2016 & 22.09.2016–29.09.2016 (17:00–7:00 h)

The results of asymmetry (A) calculations of Leq,63 Hz, Leq,125 Hz, ρL,2 NM, ρL,5 NM, ρL, Trieste, ρL, Venice, dredging, cleaning activity, vv and hp in different measuring periods

Asymmetry From 13.02.2015 to 05.05.2015 From 26.09.2015 to 31.12.2015 From 18.08.2016 to 01.11.2016 From 06.07.2017 to 07.08.2017 From 18.08.2018 to 31.12.2018
A of Leq,63 Hz 1.0 0.5 −0.4 1.1 0.6
A of Leq,125 Hz 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 −0.1
A of ρL,2 NM 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.0
A of ρL,5 NM −1.7 −3.0 1.1 0.4 2.0
A of ρL, Trieste −1.6 −2.8 1.1 0.2 1.4
A of ρL, Venice −0.7 −0.6 0.6 0.8 0.5
A of vv 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.1 2.4
A of hp 20.5 16.2 14.8 22.4 10.9

The results of AVE and STDEV calculations of Leq,63 Hz, Leq,125 Hz, ρL,2 NM, ρL,5 NM, ρL, Trieste, ρL, Venice, dredging, cleaning activity, vv and hp in different measuring periods

Average of AVE and STDEV From 13.02.2015 to 05.05.2015 From 26.09.2015 to 31.12.2015 From 18.08.2016 to 01.11.2016 From 06.07.2017 to 27.08.2017 From 18.08.2018 to 31.12.2018
AVE & STDEV of Leq,63 Hz 83.0 ± 15.1 82.8 ± 10.8 101.1 ± 6.9 86.7 ± 7.7 88.6 ± 5.7
AVE & STDEV of Leq,125 Hz 89.0 ± 13.1 83.9 ± 2.5 97.5 ± 6.8 85.2 ± 3.3 98.1 ± 3.9
AVE & STDEV of ρL,2 NM 2 ± 2 3 ± 2 5 ± 3 5 ± 3 5 ± 3
AVE & STDEV of ρL,5 NM 24 ± 9 37 ± 7 45 ± 6 52 ± 6 52 ± 8
AVE & STDEV of ρL, Trieste 35 ± 13 50 ± 10 58 ± 8 71 ± 9 70 ± 11
AVE & STDEV of ρL, Venice 117 ± 52 186 ± 51 252 ± 53 246 ± 48 247 ± 56
AVE & STDEV of vv 4.6 ± 3.3 4.5 ± 3.8 4.6 ± 2.7 1.8 ± 1.2 2.0 ± 1.6
AVE & STDEV of hp 0.02 ± 0.13 0.04 ± 0.35 0.07 ± 0.61 0.02 ± 0.31 0.05 ± 0.32
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