lnPOV | GINI | REI | lnREM | lnGDP | CC | POP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lnPOV | −0.5599 (0.5756) | 2.0470 |
0.4123 (0.6801) | 1.1441 (0.2526) | −0.3039 (0.7612) | 0.6270 (0.5307) | |
GINI | 0.6428 (0.5204) | −0.4899 (0.6242) | 0.8665 (0.3862) | 0.3513 (0.7254) | −0.6080 (0.5432) | −0.1381 (0.8902) | |
REI | 3.1594 |
2.7527 |
3.8692 |
0.5314 (0.5951) | −0.5156 (0.6061) | 0.9304 (0.3522) | |
lnREM | 2.7370 |
0.9483 (0.3430) | 2.2553 |
2.6512 |
3.2922 |
−0.1016 (0.9191) | |
lnGDP | 2.3861 |
0.9317 |
2.5827 |
2.8435 |
−0.1012 (0.9033) | 2.7147 |
|
CC | −0.5047 (0.6138) | 2.9592 |
1.6822 |
2.2788 |
1.8482 |
1.2308 (0.2184) | |
POP | 6.2131 |
3.6573 |
2.7282 |
4.6874 |
2.7159 |
2.2000 |
Variables | POV | GINI | REI | REM | GDP | CC | POP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 53.612 | 22.059 | 0.000 | 3.689 | 779.831 | −0.663 | 2.840 |
Median | 54.468 | 24.288 | −0.062 | 2.559 | 648.281 | −0.676 | 2.798 |
Maximum | 92.847 | 49.900 | 5.408 | 10.711 | 1,692.545 | 0.176 | 3.907 |
Minimum | 10.029 | −28.100 | −4.583 | 0.226 | 322.778 | −1.563 | 1.912 |
Std. Dev. | 16.818 | 18.421 | 1.224 | 2.823 | 351.196 | 0.381 | 0.449 |
Skewness | −0.193 | −0.064 | 0.254 | 0.959 | 0.601 | 0.074 | 0.558 |
Kurtosis | 2.882 | 1.311 | 5.810 | 2.712 | 2.128 | 2.541 | 3.073 |
Jarque-Bera | 1.355 | 23.911 |
67.976 |
31.370 |
18.363 |
1.935 | 10.411 |
Probability | 0.508 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.380 | 0.005 |
Number | Value | Difference | Proportion | Cumulative value | Cumulative proportion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panel A: Eigen values of the observed matrix | |||||
1 | 1.491 | 0.490 | 0.373 | 1.491 | 0.373 |
2 | 1.001 | 0.171 | 0.250 | 2.492 | 0.623 |
3 | 0.831 | 0.153 | 0.208 | 3.323 | 0.831 |
4 | 0.677 | – | 0.169 | 4.000 | 1.000 |
Panel B: Eigenvectors (loadings) | |||||
Variable | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 | |
REI1 | 0.558 | 0.448 | 0.173 | −0.677 | |
REI2 | 0.550 | 0.398 | −0.404 | 0.613 | |
REI3 | 0.483 | −0.416 | 0.708 | 0.304 | |
REI4 | −0.391 | 0.684 | 0.552 | 0.272 | |
Panel C: Ordinary correlations | |||||
REI1 | REI2 | REI3 | REI4 | ||
REI1 | 1.000 | ||||
REI2 | 0.297 | 1.000 | |||
REI3 | 0.178 | 0.119 | 1.000 | ||
REI4 | −0.064 | −0.121 | −0.186 | 1.000 |
Variables | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
POP | 2.14 | 0.467 |
REI | 1.75 | 0.572 |
GDP | 1.68 | 0.595 |
CC | 1.48 | 0.676 |
GINI | 1.37 | 0.727 |
REM | 1.34 | 0.747 |
Mean VIF | 1.63 |
Variables | GINI index | Poverty headcount | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | Std. err. | Coefficient | Std. err. | |
Short run | ||||
ECT | −0.760 |
0.131 | 0.0697 | 0.0971 |
ΔlnPOV(−1) | – | – | 0.510 |
0.0369 |
ΔREI | −0.176 | 0.137 | 0.162 | 0.121 |
ΔEI(−1) | −0.129 | 0.0993 | ||
ΔGINI | – | – | −0.0191 | 0.0354 |
ΔGINI(−1) | – | – | 0.0138 | 0.0174 |
ΔlnREM | −0.470 | 0.487 | −0.263 | 0.171 |
ΔlnREM(−1) | – | – | 0.338 | 0.222 |
ΔlnGDP | 45.44 |
20.92 | −1.456 | 1.114 |
ΔCC | 1.509 |
0.695 | 0.0910 | 0.194 |
ΔPOP | 9.780 | 8.824 | −0.880 | 0.702 |
ΔPOP (−1) | – | – | 0.931 | 1.396 |
Constant | 9.221 |
4.700 | 0.128 | 0.108 |
Long run | ||||
REI | 0.0684 |
0.0367 | −0.0761 |
0.0224 |
GINI | – | – | −0.0475 |
0.0111 |
lnREM | −0.0308 | 0.059 | 0.172 |
0.0439 |
lnGDP | 0.138 | 0.211 | 0.549 |
0.204 |
CC | −0.0804 | 0.154 | 0.126 |
0.0643 |
POP | 0.753 |
0.132 | 1.136 |
0.213 |
Number of observation | 192 | 184 |
Countries | Benin | Burkina Faso | Côte d’Ivoire | Guinea-Bissau | Mali | Niger | Senegal | Togo | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GINI | POV | GINI | POV | GINI | POV | GINI | POV | GINI | POV | GINI | POV | GINI | POV | GINI | POV | |
REI | 21.72 |
−0.410 |
13.70 |
−0.0439 (0.0610) | 37.51 |
8.256 |
−27.39 |
−1.738 |
−20.88 |
3.868 |
−4.117 |
−0.0763 |
−6.574 |
4.694 |
0.889 |
0.0473 |
GINI | – | 0.434 |
– | 0.0161 (0.0101) | – | −0.0378 |
– | 0.0118 |
– | −0.0750 |
– | 0.210 |
– | 0.961 |
– | −0.0615 |
lnREM | 3.935 |
0.430 |
−25.24 |
0.490 |
−11.50 |
−9.812 |
47.94 |
3.426 |
524.8 |
−2.416 |
−18.06 |
0.452 |
−16.40 |
−14.39 |
−0.405 |
0.246 |
lnGDP | −336.6 |
−5.705 |
11.89 |
−1.061 |
96.68 |
4.606 |
180.7 |
−0.817 |
−1,490 |
−0.0993 (0.507) | 13.76 |
−1.598 |
82.09 |
−3.765 |
16.14 |
0.421 |
CC | 82.29 |
−1.150 |
−1.217 (2.310) | 1.367 |
16.78 |
4.571 |
110.2 |
5.054 |
451.2 |
−1.850 |
42.24 |
−3.687 |
12.12 |
−8.876 |
9.481 |
0.00849 (0.0399) |
POP | −152.2 |
9.313 |
−186.1 |
5.575 |
−106.6 |
−12.98 |
56.74 |
3.464 |
−566.3 |
2.314 |
51.68 |
2.547 |
1.946 |
20.10 |
6.701 |
1.271 |
Breusch-Pagan LM | Pesaran scaled LM | Pesaran CD | |
---|---|---|---|
lnPOV | 85.085 |
7.628 |
0.760 |
GINI | 66.641 |
5.163 |
−0.270 |
REI | 144.761 |
15.602 |
8.739 |
lnREM | 223.665 |
26.146 |
2.875 |
lnGDP | 276.497 |
33.206 |
12.214 |
CC | 116.811 |
11.867 |
−0.423 |
POP | 278.034 |
33.412 |
−0.801 |
Variable name | Symbol | Definition | Unit | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Poverty | POV | It is a situation where someone lacks the necessary resource he/she needs. | % | World Development Indicators and POVCALNET |
Income inequality | GINI | It measures the distribution of wellbeing. | Index | World Development Indicators and Standardized World Income Inequality Database ( |
Remittances | REM | It is the sum of money sent by migrants to their families at home or for saving. | % | World Development Indicators |
Control of corruption | CC | It is the extent to which public officers use public power/resource for private gain. A higher value indicates a high level of corruption. | Index | Worldwide Governance Indicators |
Gross domestic product per capita | GDP | It is the gross domestic product divided by population. | Constant 2010 US$ | World Development Indicators |
Population growth | POP | It is the annual growth rate of the population. | % | World Development Indicators |
Regional economic integration | REI | It is measured with trade liberalisation (% of GDP), foreign direct investment (% of GDP), migration flow (%) and inflation rate (%, CPI). | Index | World Development Indicators, UNCTAD statistics database, United Nations Population Division |
Variables | CIPS | CADF | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Level | First difference | Level | First difference | |
lnPOV | −3.417 |
−5.345 |
−3.017 |
−3.970 |
GINI | −4.849 |
−6.420 |
−3.129 |
−4.710 |
REI | −2.959** | −5.540 |
−2.446 | −4.277 |
lnREM | −1.727 | −3.885 |
−1.948 | −3.322 |
lnGDP | −2.142 | −4.587 |
−2.547 | −3.856 |
CC | −2.174 | −4.565 |
−2.031 | −3.417 |
POP | −4.263 |
−4.937 |
−5.180 |
−5.568 |
Critical values | 1%: −3.1 |
1%: −3.100 |
POV | GINI | REI | REM | GDP | CC | POP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
POV | 1.000 | ||||||
GINI | −0.256 | 1.000 | |||||
REI | −0.214 | 0.239 | 1.000 | ||||
REM | −0.070 | −0.175 | 0.222 | 1.000 | |||
GDP | −0.486 | 0.204 | 0.147 | 0.038 | 1.000 | ||
CC | −0.023 | 0.181 | −0.021 | −0.028 | 0.287 | 1.000 | |
POP | 0.210 | −0.141 | 0.297 | −0.183 | −0.381 | 0.210 | 1.000 |
Statistics | Value | Z-value | P value | Robust P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Income distribution equation | ||||
Gt | −30.138 | −83.323 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Ga | −7.610 | 3.576 | 1.000 | 0.380 |
Pt | −42.230 | −34.492 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Pa | −7.164 | 2.670 | 0.996 | 0.460 |
Poverty equation | ||||
Gt | −4.010 | −2.560 | 0.005 | 0.010 |
Ga | −2.350 | 5.513 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Pt | −10.378 | −2.035 | 0.021 | 0.020 |
Pa | −1.986 | 4.639 | 1.000 | 0.980 |