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Effect of saccharin addition on formation, wear and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited Ni-Cr coatings

Mehmet Demir
Mehmet Demir
, 
Erdoğan Kanca
Erdoğan Kanca
 e 
İsmail Hakki Karahan
İsmail Hakki Karahan
   | 30 gen 2024
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Pubblicato online: 30 gen 2024
Pagine: 111 - 125
Ricevuto: 08 nov 2023
Accettato: 26 dic 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2023-0036
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© 2023 Mehmet Demir et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Alternating voltammetry curves obtained from baths
Alternating voltammetry curves obtained from baths

Fig. 2.

SEM images and EDS analysis a) 0 g/l saccharin, b) 0.5 g/l saccharin, c) 1 g/l saccharin, d) 2 g/l saccharin
SEM images and EDS analysis a) 0 g/l saccharin, b) 0.5 g/l saccharin, c) 1 g/l saccharin, d) 2 g/l saccharin

Fig. 3.

X-ray diffraction patterns of coatings
X-ray diffraction patterns of coatings

Fig. 4.

Nanoindentation load-displacement curves
Nanoindentation load-displacement curves

Fig. 5.

Effect of saccharin addition on the surface roughness of Ni-Cr coatings
Effect of saccharin addition on the surface roughness of Ni-Cr coatings

Fig. 6.

Friction coefficient of coatings
Friction coefficient of coatings

Fig. 7.

Worn surface morphology: (a) 0 g/l saccharin, (b) 0.5 g/l saccharin, (c) 1 g/l saccharin, (d) 2 g/l saccharin
Worn surface morphology: (a) 0 g/l saccharin, (b) 0.5 g/l saccharin, (c) 1 g/l saccharin, (d) 2 g/l saccharin

Fig. 8.

Tafel curves of coatings and substrate
Tafel curves of coatings and substrate

Fig. 9.

Open circuit potential curves of Ni-Cr alloy coatings and substrate
Open circuit potential curves of Ni-Cr alloy coatings and substrate

Fig. 10.

(a) Nyquist diagrams, (b) impedance modulus plots, (c) bode diagrams, (d) equivalent circuit diagram
(a) Nyquist diagrams, (b) impedance modulus plots, (c) bode diagrams, (d) equivalent circuit diagram

Wear rate, wear volume loss and average COF values

Sample Name Wear rate (mm3/Nm) (10−6) Volume loss (mm3) (103) Coefficient of Friction (COF)
0 g/l saccharin 11.24 5.620 0.483
0.5 g/l saccharin 5.91 2.953 0.528
1 g/l saccharin 4.93 3.002 0.535
2 g/l saccharin 3.75 1.875 0.563

Corrosion data determined using the Tafel extrapolation method

ECorr (mV) Icorr (μ A/cm2) Corrosion rate (mm/year)
AISI 1040 −770 91.73 1.08
0 g/l Saccharin −719 65.18 0.77
0.5 g/l Saccharin −678 58.26 0.68
1 g/l Saccharin −662 38.18 0.44
2 g/l Saccharin −658 56.53 0.66

Parameters obtained from XRD models

Sample 2 (Degree) Full width at half maximum (FWHM) Grain size (D) (nm)
0 g/l Saccharin 44.28 0.650 32.42
0.5 g/l Saccharin 44.44 0.960 21.87
1 g/l Saccharin 44.46 0.875 23.99
2 g/l Saccharin 44.47 0.644 32.58

Electrodeposition conditions

Parameter Amount
Current density 200 mA/cm2
Ultrasonic mixing 5 min
Temperature 40°C
Mixing speed 100 rpm
pH 2.5

Elastic modulus, hardness and residual stress values

hc (nm) Pmax (μN) S (μN/nm) A (nm2) Hmax (nm) Er (GPa) H (GPa) Residual Stress (Gpa)
0 g/l Sacc. 317 5006 326 2842233 329 171.58 1.76 0.51
0.5 g/l Sacc. 304 5005 257 2632610 319 140.58 1.90 0.24
1 g/l Sacc. 250 5007 99 1819289 281 65.17 2.75 −0.95
2 g/l Sacc. 242 5008 136 1706650 269 92.11 2.93 −0.71

Chemical composition of steel used in experimental studies

C Si Mn Fe Pmax Smax
0.419 0.254 0.751 98 0.040 0.050

Equivalent circuit parameters

Rs (Ω.cm2) Rp (Ω.cm2) n Yo(10−4) (Ω−1.cm−2.sn) CP (μF/cm2)
AISI 1040 214 2328 0.42 5.85 89.6
0 g/l Saccharin 161 2615 0.53 6.08 91.8
0.5 g/l Saccharin 195 4371 0.67 2.95 33.4
1 g/l Saccharin 145 5520 0.67 2.70 32.9
2 g/l Saccharin 166 5472 0.59 2.67 34.7

Bath components

Bath solution Amount Function
NiSO4.7H2O (nickel sulphate) 50 g/l Ni2+ source
NiCl2.6H2O (nickel chloride) 45 g/l Ni2+ source
CrCl3. 6H2O (chromium chloride) 75 g/l Cr3+ source
H3BO3 (boric acid) 50 g/l Blocking agent
C6H8O7 (citric acid) 70 g/l Blocking agent
Na3C6H5O7.2H2O (sodium citrate dihydrate) 105 g/l Complexing agent
C7H4NNaO3S • 2H2O (sodium saccharin) 0, 0.5, 1, 2 g/l Additive material

Chemical composition of coatings according to EDS analysis (wt. %)

C N O Na S Cr Ni
0 g/l Saccharin 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.18 98.82
0.5 g/l Saccharin 7.83 2.27 1.77 0.17 0.17 2.53 85.27
1 g/l Saccharin 8.64 2.37 0.00 0.13 0.19 2.84 85.83
2 g/l Saccharin 7.87 1.85 0.29 0.19 0.22 3.38 86.21

Angle values and DB card numbers

Chemical formula 2-theta (deg) Phase name DB card number Chemical formula 2-theta (deg) Phase name DB card number
18.7 100 44.4 111
26.3 110 01-089-2392 ■ Ni 51.8 200 00-004-0850
▲ Cr 44.4 210 01-077-7591 76.3 220
51.7 200 44.4 111
76.3 220 • (Cr2Ni23)0.16 51.8 200 01-077-7616
♦ Cr7Ni3 42.6 410 00-051-0637 76.3 220
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