[
Afsar, B., Badir, Y. F., & Saeed, B. B. (2014). Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 114(8), 1270–1300, https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-05-2014-0152.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Alagarsamy, S., Mehrolia, S., & Aranha, R. H. (2020). The mediating effect of employee engagement: how employee psychological empowerment impacts the employee satisfaction? A study of Maldivian tourism sector. Global Business Review, 24(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920915315.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Albrecht, S. L. (2012). The influence of job, team and organizational level resources on employee well-being, engagement, commitment and extra-role performance: Test of a model. International Journal of Manpower, 33(7), 840–853. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721211268357.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Albrecht, S., Breidahl, E., & Marty, A. (2018). Organizational resources, organizational engagement climate, and employee engagement. Career Development International, 23(1), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-04-2017-0064.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Allen, D. G., Shore, L. M., & Griffeth, R. W. (2003). The role of perceived organizational support and supportive human resource practices in the turnover process. Journal of Management, 29(1), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630302900107.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Allen, I. E., & Seaman, C. A. (2007). Likert scales and data analyses. Quality Progress, 40(7), 64–65.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1991). A three -component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Arnold, K. A., Turner, N., Barling, J., Kelloway, E. K., & McKee, M. C. (2007). Transformational leadership and psychological well-being: the mediating role of meaningful work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 193. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.193.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B.M. (2004). Multifactor leadership questionnaire: Thrid edition manual and sampler set. Menlo Park, CA: Mindgarden, Inc.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 421–449. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Babbie, E. R. (2016; 2020). The Practice of Social Research. Cengage Learning.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bass, B. M. (1995). Theory of Transformational Leadership Redux. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(4), 463–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90021-7.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bass, B. M. (1999). Two Decades of Research and Development in Transformational Leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(1), 9–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/135943299398410.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving Organizational Effectiveness through Transformational Leadership. Sage Publications.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational Leadership. Psychology Press.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press. Benevene, P., Dal Corso, L., De Carlo, A., Falco, A., Carluccio, F., & Vecina, M. L. (2018). Ethical leadership as antecedent of job satisfaction, affective organizational commitment and intention to stay among volunteers of non -profit organizations. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2069. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02069.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bogler, R. (2001). The Influence of Leadership Style on Teacher Job Satisfaction. Educational Administration Quarterly, 37(5), 662–683. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131610121969460.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Boone, H. N., & Boone, D. A. (2012). Analyzing Likert data. Journal of Extension, 50(2), 1–5.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the Criterion Domain to Include Elements of Contextual Performance. In Schmitt, N., & Borman, W. C. (Eds.), Personnel Selection in Organizations. Jossey-Bass.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S., & Frey, D. (2013). Transformational Leadership, Job Satisfaction, and Team Performance: A Multilevel Mediation Model of Trust. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 270–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.11.006.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O. K., & Espevik, R. (2014). Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(1), 138–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12041.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Breevaart, K., & Bakker, A. B. (2018). Daily job demands and employee work engagement: The role of daily transformational leadership behavior. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(3), 338–349. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/ocp0000082.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Brief, A. P. (1998). Attitudes in and around organizations (Vol. 9). Sage.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Buil, I., Martínez, E., & Matute, J. (2019). Transformational leadership and employee performance: the role of identification, engagement and proactive personality. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 77, 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.06.014.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. Harper & Row: New York.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Burns, J. M. (2004). Transforming leadership: A new pursuit of happiness. Grove Press.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Campbell, J. P., McHenry, J. J., & Wise, L. L. (1990). Modeling Job Performance in a Population of Jobs. Personnel Psychology, 43(2), 313–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1990.tb01561.x.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cranny, C. J., Smith, P. C., & Stone, E. (1992). Job Satisfaction: How People Feel about Their Jobs. Lexington Books.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Crnobrnja, J., Lalic, D. C., Romero, D., Softic, S., & Marjanovic, U. (2024). Digital Transformation Towards Human-Centricity: A Systematic Literature Review. In IFIP International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems (pp. 89–102). Springer, Cham.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874–900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dai, Y. D., Dai, Y. Y., Chen, K. Y., & Wu, H. C. (2013). Transformational vs transactional leadership: Which is better?: A study on employees of international tourist hotels in Taipei City. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(5), 760–778. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM – Dec-2011-0223.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Darvishmotevali, M., & Ali, F. (2020). Job insecurity, subjective well -being and job performance: The moderating role of psychological capital. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 87, 102462. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102462.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
DeNisi, A. S., & Murphy, K. R. (2017). Performance Appraisal and Performance Management: 100 Years of Progress? Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 421–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000085.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Denison, D. R., Haaland, S., & Goeizer, P. (2003). Corporate culture and organizational effectiveness: Is there a similar pattern around the world? In J. Osland (Ed.), Advances in Global Leadership (Vol. 3, pp. 205–227). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dionne, S. D., Yammarino, F. J., Atwater, L. E., & Spangler, W. D. (2004). Transformational leadership and team performance. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(2), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810410530601.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed‑ ‑Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Downton, J. V. (1973). Rebel leadership: Commitment and charisma in the revolutionary process. Free Press.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Eisenbeiss, S. A., Van Knippenberg, D., & Boerner, S. (2008). Transformational leadership and team innovation: Integrating team climate principles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1438–1446. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012716.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.42.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Eliyana, A., Ma’arif, S., & Muzakki, Z. (2019). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment effect in the transformational leadership towards employee performance. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25(3), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.05.001.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Evans, J. R., & Mathur, A. (2018). The value of online surveys: A look back and a look ahead. Internet Research, 28(4), 854–887. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-03-2018-0089.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Faragher, E. B., Cass, M., & Cooper, C. L. (2005). The relationship between job satisfaction and health: a meta-analysis. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(2), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2002.006734.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gefen, D., Straub, D., & Boudreau, M. C. (2008). Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(1), 1–77. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.00407.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Goldstein, I. L., & Ford, J. K. (2002). Training in organizations: Needs assessment, development, and evaluation (4th ed.). Wadsworth.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hameed, Z., Khan, I. U., Islam, T., Sheikh, Z., & Naeem, R. M. (2020). Do green HRM practices influence employees’ environmental performance? International Journal of Manpower, 41(7), 1061–1079. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-08-2019-0407.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268–279. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance -based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902)20:2<195::AID – SMJ13>3.0.CO;2-7.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Islam, T., Tariq, J., & Usman, B. (2018). Transformational leadership and four -dimensional commitment: mediating role of job characteristics and moderating role of participative and directive leadership styles. Journal of Management Development, 37(9–10), 666–683. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-06-2017-0197.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert scale: Explored and explained. Current Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2015/14975.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: a meta--analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 755–768. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Judge, T. A., Weiss, H. M., Kammeyer-Mueller, & Hulin, C. L. (2017). Job attitudes, job satisfaction, and job affect: A century of continuity and of change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 356. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/apl0000181.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kane, J. S. (1996). The Conceptualization and Representation of Total Performance Effectiveness. Human Resource Management Review, 6(2), 123–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(96)90012-9.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2018). Empowering leadership: leading people to be present through affective organizational commitment? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(16), 2015–2044. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1424017.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Koopmans L., Bernaards C. M., Hildebrandt V. H., Schaufeli W. B., De Vet H. C. W., & Van Der Beek A. J. (2011). Conceptual frameworks of individual work performance: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(8), 856–866. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e318226a763.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Koroglu, S., & Ozmen, O. (2021). The mediating effect of work engagement on innovative work behavior and the role of psychological well -being in the job demands – resources (JD – R) model. Asia ‑Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 14(2), 123–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-09-2020-0326.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kwon, K., & Kim, T. (2020). An integrative literature review of employee engagement and innovative behavior: revisiting the JD -R model. Human Resource Management Review, 30(2), 100704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100704.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lai, F. Y., Tang, H. C., Lu, S. C., Lee, Y. C., & Lin, C. C. (2020). Transformational leadership and job performance: The mediating role of work engagement. SAGE Open, 10(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899085.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Le, P. B., & Lei, H. (2017). How transformational leadership supports knowledge sharing: evidence from Chinese manufacturing and service firms. Chinese Management Studies, 11(3), 479–497. https://doi.org/10.1108/CMS-02-2017-0039.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Li, H., Sajjad, N., Wang, Q., Ali, A. M., Khaqan, Z., & Amina, S. (2019). Influence of transformational leadership on employees’ Innovative work behavior in sustainable organizations: test of mediation and moderation processes. Sustainability, 11(6), 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061594.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Locke, E. A. (1976). The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(1), 1297–1343.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lu, Y., Zheng, H., Chand, S., Xia, W., Liu, Z., Xu, X., Wang. L., Qin, Z., & Bao, J. (2022). Outlook on human -centric manufacturing towards Industry 5.0. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 62, 612–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2022.02.001.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Malhotra, N. K., Nunan, D., & Birks, D. F. (2017). Marketing Research: An Applied Approach (5th ed.). Pearson Education.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Meyer, J. P., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta -analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20–52. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mi, L., Gan, X., Xu, T., Long, R., Qiao, L., & Zhu, H. (2019). A new perspective to promote organizational citizenship behaviour for the environment: the role of transformational leadership. Journal of Cleaner Production, 239, 118002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118002.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Motowidlo, S. J., Borman, W. C., & Schmit, M. J. (1997). A Theory of Individual Differences in Task and Contextual Performance. Human Performance, 10(2), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_1.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Nazir, O., & Islam, J. U. (2017). Enhancing organizational commitment and employee performance through employee engagement: an empirical check. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 6(1), 98–114. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-04-2016-0036.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Northouse, P. G. (2018). Leadership: Theory and Practice (8th ed.). Sage Publications. Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington Books.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Reilly, P. (2018). Building customer centricity in the hospitality sector: the role of talent management. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 10(1), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-10-2017-0068.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rodrigo, P., Aqueveque, C., & Duran, I. J. (2019). Do employees value strategic CSR? A tale of affective organizational commitment and its underlying mechanisms. Business Ethics: A European Review, 28(4), 459–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12227.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sahu, S., Pathardikar, A., & Kumar, A. (2018). Transformational leadership and turnover: mediating effects of employee engagement, employer branding, and psychological attachment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(1), 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-12-2016-0316.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Salanova, M., Agut, S., & Peiró, J. M. (2005). Linking organizational resources and work engagement to employee performance and customer loyalty: the mediation of service climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1217–1227. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1217.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Schwab, K. (2017). The fourth industrial revolution. Crown Currency.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Schwarz, G. (2017). Transformational leadership and job performance: The role of organizational identification. In Muenjohn, N., McMurray, A. (Eds.) The Palgrave Handbook of Leadership in Transforming Asia. Palgrave Macmillan.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Vinzi, V. E., Chin, W. W., Henseler, J., Wang, H. (2010). Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications. Springer.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wang, C. C., Hsieh, H. H., & Wang, Y. D. (2020). Abusive supervision and employee engagement and satisfaction: the mediating role of employee silence. Personnel Review, 49(9), 1845–1858. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-04-2019-0147.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wang, G., Oh, I. S., Courtright, S. H., & Colbert, A. E. (2011). Transformational leadership and performance across criteria and levels: A meta -analytic review of 25 years of research. Group & Organization Management, 36(2), 223–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601111401017.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V., England, G. W., & Lofquist, L. H. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. University of Minnesota Press.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in -role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700305.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wilson, H. J., & Daugherty, P. R. (2018). Collaborative intelligence: Humans and AI are joining forces. Harvard Business Review, 96(4), 114–123.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wright, K. B. (2005). Researching Internet -based populations: Advantages and disadvantages of online survey research, online questionnaire authoring software packages, and web survey services. Journal of Computer ‑Mediated Communication, 10(3), JCMC1034. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00259.x
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Xu, M., David, J. M., & Kim, S. H. (2018). The fourth industrial revolution: Opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Financial Research, 9(2), 13194–13194. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v9n2p90.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Yang, C., Chen, Y., Zhao, X., & Hua, N. (2020). Transformational leadership, proactive personality and service performance: the mediating role of organizational embeddedness. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(1), 267–287. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2019-0244.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Yang, J. T. (2007). Knowledge Sharing: Investigating Appropriate Leadership Roles and Collaborative Culture. Tourism Management, 28(2), 530–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tour-man.2006.08.006.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Young, H. R., Glerum, D. R., Wang, W., & Joseph, D. L. (2018). Who are the most engaged at work? A meta -analysis of personality and employee engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(10), 1330–1346. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2303.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ziegler, R., Hagen, B., & Diehl, M. (2012). Relationship between job satisfaction and job performance: Job ambivalence as a moderator. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42, 2019–2040. http://doi.org/8cw.
]Search in Google Scholar
Profilo Orcid